lignin

norm: lignin

text:
A highly polymeric material occurring with cellulose in plant material, and which is considered to be largely responsible for the strength of the wood. Lignin is usually determined as the residue left on hydrolysis of the plant material with strong acids after resins, waxes, tannins, and other extractives have been removed. Softwoods give from 26 to 34% lignin with a methoxyl content of about 15%, while hardwoods give 16 to 24% lignin with a methoxyl content of about 21%.

The nature of lignin is not fully understood, but it is considered to be a complex cross-linked, highly aromatic structure of high molecular weight, i.e., about 10,000. It cannot be hydrolyzed by acids, but is readily oxidizable. It is soluble in hot alkali and bisulfate, and condenses readily with phenol and thio compounds. Lignin is not a compound but a system, and its composition varies both with the method of isolation used and with the species, age, growing conditions, etc., of the tree or lignified material. It is more or less completely removed during chemical pulping operations in paper manufacture but none is removed by mechanical pulping. It is further removed or modified by bleaching sequences to give pulps of greater brightness.

So-called sulfite cellulose (which is more appropriately called "sulfite lignin extract"), when adjusted to a pH of between 3.0 and 5.0, has a tanning action resembling that of the vegetable tannins. When used alone, however, it produces a brown leather that tends to be thin and hard, with low tan fixation. It is used chiefly at the end of some vegetable tannages to improve the fullness and firmness of the leather, especially in those cases where the leather is to be sold by weight.

citations: American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

citations: Casey, James P. Pulp and pa per: chemistry and chemical technology. 2nd ed. New York. Interscience. 1960-61. 3 vol.

citations: Langwell, William Herbert. The conservation of books and documents. London. Pitman. 1957

citations: Plungerian, Mark. Cellulose chemistry. Brooklyn. Chemical Publishing Co. 1943.

citations: Sharphouse, John Henry. The leatherworker's handbook. London. Leather Producers' Association. 1963.


lime blast

norm: lime blast

kind: definition

letter: L

letter_raw: L

text: A defect in leather, characterized by a rough grain surface and/or hard or dark colored patches, or patchy dyeing. It is caused by excessive exposure to air of a limed skin, resulting in some of the lime being converted by atmospheric carbon dioxide into insoluble calcium carbonate. Prolonged exposure may also cause some drying of the skin, resulting in hard, brownish, translucent patches in the finished leather.

siglum: RE

author: Roberts, Matt T.; Etherington, Don

work: Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology

rights: US Government publication (Library of Congress), published openly in electronic edition by CoOL. Not a Gutenberg/pre-1930 public-domain text -- verify rights before reprinting rather than quoting.

rights_tier: us-government-flagged


lime fleshing

norm: lime fleshing

text: The process of FLESHING hides and skins subsequent to the liming operation. See also: GREEN FLESHING.


lime liquor

norm: lime liquor

text: A saturated limewater containing slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) greatly in excess of saturation and used, usually along with sodium sulfide, for loosening and degrading the hair and other epidermal structures of hides and skins. See also: LIMING.

citations: Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


lime slaking

norm: lime slaking

text: The process of treating caustic lime or calcium hydroxide with water to produce slaked lime for use in LIMING. See also: LIME LIQUOR.


limed rawhide

norm: limed rawhide

text: A translucent or opaque material produced from cattle hide after the limed hide has been dried, subsequent to unhairing and fleshing. No tanning process is employed.

citations: British Standards Institution. British standard glossary of leather terms. B. S. 2780: 1956. London. British Standards Institution.


liming

norm: liming

text:
One of the beamhouse operations employed in leather manufacture. Its purpose is to degrade, and thereby loosen, the epidermal structure of hide or skin, including the hair, epidermis, sweat glands, etc., so that they may be removed. Methods of liming vary both in the chemicals used and in procedures. Unhairing and liming can be carried out simultaneously by immersing the skins in the lime and water mixture, often with the addition of other chemicals known as sharpeners, e.g., sodium sulfide.

Lime, which is calcium oxide (CaO), reacts violently with water to form hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)), which can be used with safety in liming and unhairing because it will not damage the collagen fibers of the skin, assuming it is properly used. This is because calcium hydroxide is not very soluble in water, and, in fact, a saturated lime solution contains only approximately 1/8 part lime per 100 parts water. Even this limited solubility, however, is sufficient to produce a solution with a pH in the range of 12.4 or 12.5, and, under such very alkaline conditions, some of the young keratin protein decomposes to produce sulfur compounds in the lime liquor. These compounds, in conjunction with the lime, accentuate the further breakdown of keratin. The lime therefore promotes unhairing, and the more keratin breakdown impurities it contains, the more rapidly it unhairs. Liming, however, must be carried out with extreme care, as the alkali also modifies and will eventually degradate t he collagen fibers of the skin. Skins limed for an overly prolonged time produce thin, loose, and weak leather.

Liming also causes the hide or skin to swell. In order to promote gradual and uniform swelling, so as to avoid distortion or buckling of the stock, the skins are left in the lime solution for 1 to 2 days, following which a sharpener is usually added to promote the process. The addition of sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH), sodium cyanide (NaCN), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2(CO)3), dimethylamines, etc., quickens the process in two ways: 1) by attacking the keratin, resulting in faster loosening of the hair; and 2) by increasing the alkalinity, and, therefore, the rate of swelling. If too much sharpener is added too quickly, however, rapid unhairing results, accompanied by excessive swelling of the surfaces of the skin, while the interior remains unswollen. This results in buckling, which makes subsequent unhairing, fleshing (if not done before liming), or splitting difficult. It may also result in permanent distortion and weakness of the grain, and, in addition, any naturally occurring wrinkles or "growth marks" may become accentuated. After liming, the skins are then ready for UNHAIRING.

citations: O'Flaherty, Fred, and others, eds. The chemistry and technology of leather. New York. Reinhold. (American Chemical Society monograph series, no. 134. 1956-65. 4 vol.

citations: Royal Society of Arts. London. Committee on Leather for Bookbinding. Report of the committee on leather for bookbinding… London. Bell. 1905.


limited edition

norm: limited edition

text: An edition of a book that is frequently printed on superior paper and bound more luxuriously than other editions. It is, by definition, printed in relatively limited numbers (seldom more than 1,500, usually about 150 to 500, and at times as few as 10) and sold at a premium price. The copies often contain a printed notice, which usually faces the title page, indicating the number of copies issued and a space in which to write the copy number of an individual copy. The copies may be signed by the author. A copy of a limited edition may or may not be more valuable than a copy of another edition.

citations: American Library Association. Editorial Committee. Subcommittee on library terminology. A. L. A. glossary of library terms, with a selection of terms in related fields. Compiled by Elizabeth H. Thompson. Chicago. American Library Association. 1943.

citations: Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.


Limp

norm: limp

text: A cover without boards or other stiff materials, allowing the sides to be pliable.

siglum: BIB

author: Sabin, Joseph

work: Bib-li-op-e-gis-tic: Pertaining to the Art of Binding Books

rights: Public domain (Project Gutenberg, pre-1930 text)

rights_tier: public-domain


limp binding

norm: limp binding

variant: limp vellum

text: A book which does not have stiff boards but instead has flexible cloth, leather, vellum, or paper sides, which may or may not be lined. The term, however, is seldom applied to paper sides. (See: SELF-COVER.) Limp vellum bindings for blankbooks were being produced at least as early as the 14th century and probably earlier. This type of binding was not a craft binding, however; it was more convenient to bind the thin blankbooks of that time in limp covers. Other limp vellum bindings were produced in relatively great numbers in the 16th and 17th centuries, but the limp vellum binding declined thereafter until revived by the private presses near the end of the 19th century. In the last quarter of the 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th, limp leather was commonly used for books to be carried in the pocket, but for the past century or so limp bindings have been largely restricted to devotional books, diaries, and sentimental verse, sometimes in the YAPP STYLE.

citations: Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.

citations: Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


limp binding

text: Binding with a thin and yielding cover. A perfectly limp leather book can be rolled up easily.

siglum: NBL

author: Bailey, Arthur L.

work: Notes on Bookbinding for Libraries


limp suede

norm: limp suede

variant: limp ooze

text: An obsolete term applied to an OOZE LEATHER finished in gray, and sometimes used as a book covering material.

citations: Porte, Roy Trewin. Dictionary of printing terms. 4th ed. Salt Lake City. Porte. 1941.


limp vellum

norm: limp vellum

text: See: LIMP BINDING.


Line formers

norm: line formers

text: Brass rule bent in various shapes to aid in making curved lines of type.

siglum: AMP

author: MacKellar, Thomas

work: The American Printer: A Manual of Typography


line tool

norm: line tool

text: See: FILLET (1); GOUGE; PALLET (1)


linen

norm: linen

text: A cloth (and sewing thread) made from straw of the flax plant, genus Linum, and especially L. usitatissimum. The stems are steeped in water to remove resinous matter and allow fermentation to take place. After fermentation is completed, the fibrous material is separated from the woody matter and spun into thread. The cellulose content of linen fibers ranges between 70 and 80%. The fibers, which appear flat like those of cotton, are thicker than cotton fibers, have knots and joints, as well as transverse markings and creasings, and are very tough, can be bleached white, and take dyes more readily than cotton. The chlorine test stains linen fibers a claret red.

citations: Coupe, Raymond Richard. Science of printing technology. London. Cassell. 1966.

citations: Grant, Julius. Books & documents; dating, permanence and preservation. London. Grafton. 1937.


linen buckram

norm: linen buckram

text: A BUCKRAM made with a base of linen rather than cotton.


linen paper

norm: linen paper

text: A paper made from LINEN rags with or without the addition of other pulps.


Linen-finish buckram

norm: linen-finish buckram

text: Polished buckram and satin-finish book cloth. Manufactured by Jos. Bancroft & Sons Co., Rockford, near Wilmington, Del. (New York agent, Albert D. Smith, 35–37 Thomas St., New York.) The special features of these cloths, in which it is claimed they are superior, are uniformity of color, finish and fabric, wearing qualities, tensile strength, and easy application of decoration, ink or metal.


liner and headbanding machine

norm: liner and headbanding machine

text: An edition binding machine which lines the spines of books with cloth or paper and attaches the headbands. It has a capacity of 4 to 11 1/2 inches, head to tail, 2 1/2 to 8 1/2 inches in width, and 1/4 to 2 inches in thickness. See also: TRIPLE LINER AND HEADBANDING MACHINE.

citations: Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


Liner.

norm: liner.

text: 1. A sheet of paper of an appropriate thickness attached to the inner surface of the board of a book, usually one that is to be fully covered in leather. The liner causes the board to curve convexly to the text block. This curvature will be straightened by the shrinkage of the leather which covers the outside of the board. In order to prevent warping of the cover at a later time, the grain direction of the lining paper should be parallel to the spine of the book. 2. The outer layers of any kind of paperboard which varies in color or quality from the middle or other parts of the board.

citations: Gazurian, Johnny A. The advertising & graphic arts glossary. Los Angeles. Los Angeles Trade-Technical College. 1966.

citations: Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


lining

norm: lining

text: See: SPINE LINING.


lining paper

norm: lining paper

text: See: PASTEDOWN.


lining paper

text: The coloured or marbled paper at each end of the volume.

siglum: MAB

author: Nicholson, James B.

work: A Manual of the Art of Bookbinding


lining paper

text: The coloured or marbled paper at each end of the volume. Called also end-papers.

siglum: ABB

author: Zaehnsdorf, Joseph W.

work: The Art of Bookbinding: A Practical Treatise


lining paper

text: The colored or marbled paper at each end of a book. Called also End papers, which see.


lining skiver

norm: lining skiver

text: A leather split somewhat thinner than the usual SKIVER and used for lining the inside of the limp leather covers of Bibles and other limp bindings.


link sewing

norm: link sewing

text: See: CATCH STITCH.


linotype

norm: linotype

text: A typesetting machine that casts an entire line of type in one slug. The machine holds a number of single matrices in a magazine, which are released as the keyboard is operated, and are assembled in proper sequence with appropriate spaces separating the words. The spaces justify the completed line as it is brought to the orifice of a mold, where it is cast as a single type-high slug. Linotype is one of the typecasting machines used by library binders. The linotype machine was invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler and has been in use since 1890. See also: MONOTYPE.

citations: Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.

citations: Stevenson, George A. Graphic arts encyclopedia. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1968.


linseed oil

norm: linseed oil

text:
A pale yellow drying oil extracted from ground flax seed genus Linum, and especially L. usitatissimum, and used occasionally in the 19th century as a marbling size. It was never used as extensively as GUM TRAGACANTH or FLEA SEED.

Linseed oil is also used in the manufacture of some printing inks and in some finishing processes in leather manufacture.


linson

norm: linson

text: The trade name of a particularly strong type of paper used in the manufacture of edition bindings. It is sometimes embossed in imitation of linen cloth, and is manufactured in many colors and finishes. It is used as a substitute for woven cloths.

citations: Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.

citations: Percival, George Stanley, and Rigby Graham. Unsewn binding. 2nd ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1966.


linters

norm: linters

text: See: COTTON LINTERS.


lipped

norm: lipped

text: A method of accommodating a THROW OUT that is longer than the trimmed height of the book. A portion of a leaf to be folded adjacent to the gutter margin is cut away, i.e., lipped, so that the remaining portion may be folded without buckling and creasing the binding margin.


list of signatures

norm: list of signatures

text: See: REGISTER (2).


LITERAL ERRORS

norm: literal errors

text: By literal errors in printing, are understood the mistakes of the compositors in single letters only, viz. the taking up a wrong letter, or inverting a right letter; the term is never applied to either outs or doubles.

siglum: DAP

author: Savage, William

work: A Dictionary of the Art of Printing


LITERARY PROPERTY

norm: literary property

text:
The Libraries which are entitled to claim copies of new publications under the act of 6 & 7 W. 4. c. 110. are—

1. The King’s Library, since transferred to the British Museum.

2. The Library of the University of Oxford, commonly called the Bodleian.

3. The Library of the University of Cambridge.

4. The Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh.

5. The Library of the College of the Holy Trinity in Dublin.

The two English Universities have the following privileges:—

1. The copyright in all works bequeathed to, or acquired by them, is vested in them in perpetuity, so long as the works are printed at their own presses.

2. They have (in common with the King’s Printers in England, Scotland, and Ireland,) the exclusive privilege of printing Bibles and Prayer Books; and an exemption from the duty on paper used for them.

[The Bibles and Prayer Books printed in Scotland and Ireland, are not allowed to be sold in England.]

3. They have the same privilege (in common with the King’s Printer in England) of printing the Statutes of the Realm.

4. They have an exemption from the duty on paper used in books for the purposes of classical instruction, and in all works in the learned languages, printed at their presses.

5. They have 500l. per annum paid to each of them by the nation, for the purpose of enabling them to assist poor scholars and fellows in printing their works.

The four Universities of Scotland, and Trinity College, Dublin, have the same advantage with respect to the perpetuity of their copyrights as the English Universities have.—(The printing of Bibles and Prayer Books, in both these countries, appears to be exclusively the right of the King’s Printer.) They have also an exemption from the duty on paper used in all works of classical instruction, and in the learned languages, printed at their presses.—The Scotch Universities do not appear to have ever made use of this privilege in the manner that Oxford and Cambridge have done; but by naming some individual as Printer to the University, have communicated to him the advantage derived from it.


lithograph paper

norm: lithograph paper

text: A paper made for use in lithography. It is produced from bleached chemical wood pulps, or a combination of chemical and mechanical pulps. In England it is produced mainly from ESPARTO (GRASS). The principal characteristics required of this paper relate to the printing process to be used, and include, water resistance, pick strength, curl resistance, and the like. Both coated and uncoated lithograph paper are produced, in basis weights of 45 to 0 pounds (uncoated) and 50 to 100 pounds (coated) (25 X 38—500). Because any stretch of the sheet to be printed must be along the narrow dimension, lithograph papers are usually positioned the narrow way across the printing press.

citations: American Library Association. American libraries. Chicago. American Library Association.

citations: British Federation of Master Printers. Preliminary technical course in printing. London. British Federation of Master Printers. 1967. 7 vol.


lithopone

norm: lithopone

text:
See textual note

A white pigment consisting of a mixture of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfate (BaSO4) and some zinc oxide (ZnO), and prepared by the cross precipitation of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and barium sulfide (BaS), plus the addition of heat. It is used in the manufacture of ink, paint, etc., and as a pigment filler in paper. See also: ZINC SULFIDE.


Little Gidding bindings

norm: little gidding bindings

text:
Early 17th century bookbindings produced by the members of the Anglican community founded by NICHOLAS FERRAR and his nieces, in Huntingdonshire, England, in 1625. The bindings they produced included albums (concordances) of Biblical texts taken from printed texts, to which the Ferrars added illustrations. The bindings themselves were of gold tooled velvet, vellum or morocco. Ferrar died in 1636, but the community continued on for another 20 years.

Little Gidding was an abused term among dealers and historians of bookbinding, just as with Mearne and Ève, and at one time virtually any English embroidered binding of the early 17th century was called Little Gidding.

citations: Fletcher, William Younger. Bookbinding in England and France. London. Seeley. 1897.

citations: Hobson, Geoffrey Dudley. Bindings in Cambridge libraries… Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1929.


lizard skin

norm: lizard skin

text: A leather made from the skins of various lizards, usually those found in India and Indonesia. The skins are tanned by various processes, including vegetable (sumac), alum and salt (tawing), and chrome tannages. The resultant leather has a pleasant color and a grain pattern produced by tiny scales. While usually fawn or gray, they are sometimes dyed. Lizard skin has been used from time to time in decorating book covers.

citations: Waterer, John William. A guide to the conservation and restoration of objects made wholly or in part of leather. 2nd ed. London. Bell. 1973.


lizarding

norm: lizarding

text: A technique employed in embroidering bindings which involves the cutting of strips of flat metal into shapes which are held in place by small stitches at regular intervals.

citations: Davenport, Cyril James Humphries. English embroidered bookbindings. London. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. 1899.


load

norm: load

text: 1. The total physical force applied to a specimen of a material when measuring a certain property, such as the compression resistance of paper, the tensile strength of leather, etc. 2. A maximum handling unit, e.g., a full platform of sheets, sections of books, etc.

citations: American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

citations: Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


loading

norm: loading

text: 1. The operation of incorporating finely divided, relatively insoluble, white powders into a papermaking stock, either directly or by chemical processes, so as to improve the printing surface and ink absorption, to give a higher finish and greater opacity, to improve formation and flatness, and to improve dimensional stability. Loading is usually done prior to sheet formation. Loading was first used in the 19th century, apparently surreptitiously, to save pulp and reduce the cost to the papermaker; however, it was then discovered that restricted quantities of loading improved the paper. 2. Mineral matter, such as clay, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, china clay, calcium sulfite, magnesium silicate, titanium oxide, etc., used as filler materials in paper.

citations: Winans, Leonard G. The book from manuscript to market. New 370. York. Grosset 8 Dunlap. 1941.


localized watermark

norm: localized watermark

text: A WATERMARK so arranged that it is impressed at definite intervals on a sheet of paper. See also: CUT TO REGISTER.


lock stitch

norm: lock stitch

text: 1. Any method of sewing with thread whereby the stitching at each operation is "locked" and cannot unravel if cut on either side of the completed stitch. 2. See: KETTLE STITCH.

citations: Hitchcock, Frederick H. The building of a book…2nd ed. New York. Bowker. 1929.


LOCKING UP

norm: locking up

text: The tightening of the quoins round a form with the mallet and shooting stick, to enable the compositor to lift it from the imposing stone, and that it may be moved about without the types or the furniture being displaced by such moving; as also that the form may be secure when working at press, so that the types do not draw out with beating. See Imposing.


LOCKING UP

text: Tightening up a form by means of quoins.


locks

norm: locks

text: Locking devices placed on books whose contents are considered to be confidential or private, such as personal accounts, confidential credit ratings, diaries, etc. Book locks are made in several sizes and are adjustable over the distances between sizes. They are riveted to the covers after binding.

citations: U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


Lofton-Merritt stain

norm: lofton-merritt stain

text: A test used to determine the presence of unbleached sulfate or sulfite fiber in paper. The stain consists of two grams of malachite green in 100 ml. of water, plus one gram of basic fuchsin in 100 ml. of water, 50 ml. of the former being mixed with 100 ml. of the latter. The specimen is treated with a drop of the mixture and then with a 0.1% solution of hydrochloric acid, followed by the application of distilled water. A blue or blue-green stain indicates the presence of unbleached sulfate fiber, while purple or lavender indicates unbleached sulfite.

citations: Grant, Julius. Books & documents; dating, permanence and preservation. London. Grafton. 1937.


LOGOTYPE

norm: logotype

text: Two, or more, letters cast in one piece. There have been several attempts to introduce such short words, terminations, and prefixes, as are of frequent occurrence, cast in one piece, but they have never succeeded. See Ligatures.


Logotypes

norm: logotypes

text: The same as ligatures.


logwood

norm: logwood

text: An aqueous extract obtained from the heartwood of the logwood tree, Haematoxylon campechisnum, of Central America and the West Indies. Logwood contains approximately 50% haematoxylin (C16H14O6 . 3H2O), a colorless crystalline material when pure, but which turns blood red when exposed to air. It is only slightly soluble in water, but dissolves in aqueous solution of alkalis to give a range of colors from violet to black. It was taken to Europe soon after the discovery of America, and was one of the most important of the natural coloring matters until the 19th century, when it was superseded by synthetic dyestuffs of greater brilliance. Logwood dye was used in producing black ink, marbling colors, including purple and violet, and is still used in dyeing leather and textiles black.

citations: Mayer, Ralph. A dictionary of art terms and techniques. New York. Crowell. 1969.


LONG CROSS

norm: long cross

text: The cross that divides the chase the longest way; it is also the narrowest.


LONG CROSS

text: The bar that divides a chase the longest way.


long fold

norm: long fold

text: A sheet of paper, which, if folded lengthwise, will be folded with the machine (grain) direction of the paper. See also: BROAD (1).


LONG PRIMER

norm: long primer

text:
The name of a type, one size larger than Bourgeois, and one smaller than Small Pica. See Types.

Long Pull. See Easy Pull.—M.


Long pull

norm: long pull

text: When the bar is brought close to the cheek of a press.


long way

norm: long way

text: See: PORTRAIT.


long-fibered Japanese tissue

norm: long-fibered japanese tissue

text: See: JAPANESE COPYING PAPER.


term: Longepierre, Hilaire Bernard de Requeleyne, Baron de

norm: longepierre, hilaire bernard de requeleyne, baron de

text: A book collector who had his books elaborately hound and embellished with the Golden Fleece, in commemoration, it is said, of the success of one of his dramas. This device, which formed the sole decoration of his bindings, was usually located in the center and at the corner of the covers, as well as in the panels on the spine. The books were bound in morocco, the edges were marbled under gilt, and some of the volumes had finely tooled doublures decorated with the same motif as the covers. The superior craftsmanship of these bindings has prompted some authorities to conjecture that they were bound by Luc Antoinne Boyet.

citations: Coutts, Henry T., and George A. Stephen. Manual of library bookbinding; practical and historical. London. Libraco. 1911.

citations: Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. The history of bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Compiled by Dorothy Miner. Baltimore. Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery. 1957.


look-through

norm: look-through

text: A term describing what a paper looks like when viewed by means of transmitted light. This type of examination gives an indication of the formation and texture of the paper, its watermark, whether paper is laid or wove, and whether it is marred by impurities. shives, and the like.


looping machine

norm: looping machine

text: A machine used to attach looped cord to hangers, calendars, etc. The machine punches the hole. inserts the cord, draws it to the desired length, ties the loop, cuts it off, and delivers the finished product—all in one continuous operation. Looping machines are used by the job binder.

citations: O'Conor, John Francis Xavier. Facts about bookworms; their history in literature and work in libraries. New York. Harper. 1878.


loose back

norm: loose back

text: See: HOLLOW BACK.


loose back

kind: see

text: See Back, tight and loose.


LOOSE JUSTIFYING.—M

norm: loose justifying.—m

text:
To space a line or lines in a composing stick so that they shall not be tight; also to place wood cuts, or any other matter, in a page, so that they shall not be fast when locked up.   Lord’s Day, Public Meeting on the. See Public Meetings.   Lost Property. See Stolen Property.   LOTTERIES

To space a line or lines in a composing stick so that they shall not be tight; also to place wood cuts, or any other matter, in a page, so that they shall not be fast when locked up.

Lord’s Day, Public Meeting on the. See Public Meetings.

Lost Property. See Stolen Property.


loose section

norm: loose section

text: One or more sections of a book which have become loosened in the binding, usually because of breakage of the sewing thread. See also: START.


loose-leaf binding

norm: loose-leaf binding

text: The business of binding individual sheets of paper in an exchangeable form, for leaves to be added, removed, or relocated in the book. Loose-leaf bindings are used wherever records of repeatedly changing information must be kept. Instruction manuals, catalogs, and accounting forms are often loose-leaf bound. Loose-leaf binding includes the construction of the covers (although not the manufacture of the binding mechanism, which is, in general, purchased from companies specializing in its manufacture), the punching or drilling of the paper, as well as the assembly of the various parts. Loose-leaf binding, which is classed as miscellaneous binding, is a part of STATIONERY BINDING.

citations: Strauss, Victor. The printing industry…Washington, D.C. Printing Industries in America. 1967.

citations: Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


lop-sided

norm: lop-sided

text: Any section or part of a book that is folded or backed with one side out of true with the other.


LOTTERIES

norm: lotteries

text:
6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 66. “An Act to prevent the advertising of Foreign and other illegal Lotteries.

“Whereas the Laws in force are insufficient to prevent the advertising of Foreign and other illegal Lotteries in this Kingdom, and it is expedient to make further Provision for that Purpose: Be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That from and after the passing of this Act, if any Person shall print or publish, or cause to be printed or published, any Advertisement or other Notice of or relating to the drawing or intended drawing of any Foreign Lottery, or of any Lottery or Lotteries not authorized by some Act or Acts of Parliament, or if any Person shall print or publish, or cause to be printed or published, any Advertisement or other Notice of or for the Sale of any Ticket or Tickets, Chance or Chances, or of any Share or Shares of any Ticket or Tickets, Chance or Chances of or in any such Lottery or Lotteries as aforesaid, or any Advertisement or Notice concerning or in any Manner relating to any such Lottery or Lotteries, or any Ticket, Chance, or Share, Tickets, Chances, or Shares thereof or therein, every Person so offending shall for every such Offence forfeit the Sum of Fifty Pounds, to be recovered, with full Costs of Suit, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, or Information in any of His Majesty’s Courts of Record in Westminster or Dublin respectively, or in the Court of Session in Scotland; one Moiety thereof to the use of His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, and the other Moiety thereof to the Use of the Person who shall inform or sue for the same.”


LOW CASE

norm: low case

text: When the compositor has composed almost all his letters out of his case, he says his <i>Case is Low</i>.—M.


LOW CASE

text: When the compositor has set almost all the letters out of his case.


Low-line

norm: low-line

text: Applied to a type that ranges lower than the rest in a line.


LOWER CASE

norm: lower case

text: The case in which the small letters of an alphabet, the spaces, and quadrats are laid; it is placed upon the frame immediately below the fore edge of the upper case. See Case.


LOWER CASE

text: The case containing the small letters of the alphabet, figures, points, &c.


lower cover

norm: lower cover

variant: lower board

text: The back or under cover of a book, or the cover nearest to the last leaf of the book. Also called "back cover," "reverse cover," or "end board."


lower edge

norm: lower edge

text: The TAIL of a book. Also called "bottom edge" or "tail edge."


lozenge

norm: lozenge

text: A diamond-shaped stamp, or a square stamp turned 45° on its axis, and used in decorating bookbindings.

citations: Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.


Ludlow

norm: ludlow

text: A machine designed by the Ludlow Typograph Co., and used for casting entire lines of type in a range of sizes from 4 to 90 point, and, for special purposes, even up to 240 point. Ludlow composition is actually hand composition, except that the compositor sets matrices (molds) instead of actual type and casts the line from these matrices. Ludlow machines are used in library binderies for casting the type used for lettering books.

citations: Melcher, Daniel, and Nancy Larrick. Printing and promotion handbook …3rd ed. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1966.


LUG

norm: lug

text: When balls stick together in distributing they are said to lug; they then diffuse the ink more equally and thinly on the surface, and make better work: they also retain on their surface particles of dust, or other small substances, and do not part with them to the letter in the form, which is a great advantage. Composition Balls, when too soft, will lug so much in distributing as to tear the composition and spoil the ball; when this is the case, they require to be placed in a dry situation for a short time, and exposed to a draught of air, which evaporates the superfluous moisture, and brings them into good condition; when time cannot be allowed for this mode of cure, sponging the surface with spirits of turpentine will promote the evaporation, and be of great service. See Flaring Balls.


lump

norm: lump

text: 1. A defect in a paper caused by an agglomeration of fiber or other materials. 2. A small, hard, pill-like substance in paste or glue, caused by imperfect mixing, lack of proper dissolution, or screening.


Lumspecs

norm: lumspecs

variant: Lesser Used Materials SPECS

text: Specifications for the binding of library materials that are expected to receive little use and need not, therefore, be bound according to Class "A" specifications, but which are expected to be used to the extent that they require greater protection than that afforded by a pamphlet box. Essentially, Lumspec binding differs from Class "A" in three respects: 1) the Lumspec book is side sewn instead of oversewn or sewn through the folds; 2) only the spine and a small part of the sides are covered in buckram, with the remainder of the boards not being covered at all; and 3) the volumes are not lettered. The bindings so produced are called Lumbindings. Lumspecs were devised in 1957 by a subcommittee of the American Library Association's bookbinding committee and were approved that same year by the Library Binding Institute.

citations: American Library Association. American libraries. Chicago. American Library Association.

citations: Library journal. New York. R. R. Bowker.


lw pattern

norm: lw pattern

text: The code name for a "linen weave" applied to a book cloth embossed to give the coarse appearance of linen cloth.


LYE

norm: lye

text:
The lye used for the purpose of cleaning a form is a solution of alkali in water; it ought to be made of the best pearl ash. The usual proportion is one pound of pearl ash to a gallon of soft water; it should be stirred up with a stick till the alkali dissolves, which soon takes place. It is generally kept in a large jar, with a cover to it, which some master printers lock; but more frequently the cover is loose for the pressmen to have free access to it; the cover should however be kept on, to prevent dust and dirt getting into the jar.

If hard water be used, it will require a greater quantity of pearl ash; as the acid in the water will combine with some of the alkali to neutralise it, which of course will have the effect of making the lye weaker than if soft water, with which there is no such combination, had been used.

An intelligent pressman once informed me, that in the country he had frequently made lye, by boiling together a peck of wood ashes and nearly a quarter of a peck of quicklime, in a pailful and a half of soft water, and afterwards straining the decoction for use.

This is, in fact, soap lye, which is made caustic by the quicklime: lye from the soap boilers has indeed of late years been used by many master printers in the metropolis; but it requires to be kept constantly covered in order to exclude the air, which, when the lye is exposed, combines with it and renders it mild, thus destroying its power. I have always found that this lye affects the hands and makes them sore, as if chapped, when washed in it to take off ink.

In the choice of pearl ash the following table, from Vauquelin, may be found useful, which shows all the substances contained in six kinds of potash.

There is evidently an error in this statement as to the component parts of the last article, the Vosges potash, which appears to be with respect to the quantity of the muriate of potash; but the table shows that the American potash is by far the best, and the Dantzic potash the worst of the six analysed.

The following observations from Kirwan on Manures, may also be serviceable, particularly to printers who are so situated as to find it necessary to make their lye from the ashes of vegetables.

“Alkaline salts are of great importance in several arts, the proportion of ashes afforded by different vegetables, and that of alkali by the ashes of each sort of vegetable, has been accurately attended to: the following are the best authenticated results of the experiments made with this view.

“One thousand pounds of the following vegetables, perfectly dry, and burned in a clean chimney and open fire, afforded the quantity of ashes, and saline matter, exhibited in the annexed tables.

Table of the Saline Products from one thousand Pounds of the Ashes of the following Vegetables.

Thus though fumitory gives the greatest weight of saline product from a given weight of the dry vegetable, yet from a given weight of ashes wormwood produces above double the weight of saline matter.

In Yorkshire the women use the ashes of the ash tree to make a lye to scour their pewter dishes and plates, in preference to the ashes of any other wood; as this is the result of experience, I should be led to suppose that they contain a great proportional quantity of pearl ash.


LYE BRUSH

norm: lye brush

text: The brush used with lye to remove the ink that adheres to the types, the furniture, and the chase, after a form has been worked off, as also after proofs have been pulled. It is about nine or ten inches long by three inches broad, and the hairs are nearly two inches long.


LYE TROUGH

norm: lye trough

text:
The lye trough is square and shallow, lined with lead, and its upper edge is bound with iron to preserve it from injury, which would otherwise arise from concussion when a form is lifted into it; there is also a loose board laid in it for the protection of the bottom. It is suspended on a frame by two centres, as here represented.

There is always some lye kept in this trough; and when a form has been worked off, it is laid in it, and the ink is brushed from the face of the letter, the furniture, and chase with the lye, previous to rinsing it with water. It is usually made capable of containing a royal chase.

caption: Lye trough

alt: Lye trough

credit: William Savage, A Dictionary of the Art of Printing, 1841


lying flat

norm: lying flat

text: That characteristic of a binding that enables the leaves of the book to lie more or less perfectly flat when the book is opened in its center. It is a particularly necessary characteristic for music scores, books which are to be photocopied, and books which are to be written in. See: SPRING-BACK (1). Lying flat is generally associated with the HOLLOW BACK, which permits a greater degree of throw up in the spine.


lying press

norm: lying press

text: A small, portable press. usually made of wood, with two steel or wooden screws operating through bronze chucks, in which books to be hacked by hand, trimmed with the plow, lettered or decorated, etc., are clamped. The lower face of the block on the bookbinder's left has a groove in which the plow runs. It is not known when the lying press was introduced into bookbinding, but since it was unusual for the edges of books to be cut and spines backed before the last part of the 15th century, it was probably invented sometime after 1500.

citations: Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.

citations: Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.


lying press

text: the term applied to the under side of the cutting press used for backing, usually ungrammatically called “laying press.”

siglum: BCB

author: Cockerell, Douglas

work: Bookbinding, and the Care of Books


lying press

text: The term applied to the under side of the cutting press when used for backing. Usually called laying press.


Lyonnaise  style

norm: lyonnaise  style

variant: Lyonese

text:
A 16th century style of book decoration featuring broad interlaced geometrical strapwork, usually gold tooled and then painted, lacquered, or enamelled in different colors. Lyonnaise was also a style in which the binding was decorated by blocking the cover with large corner ornaments and a predominant center design, roughly lozenge shaped. the all-over background being filled in with dots. The name is misleading, as neither style had any connection with Lyons.

<!-- BEGIN M -->

citations: Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.


M

norm: m

letter: M

letter_raw: M

text: 1. A thousand sheets of paper or hoard. 2. The Roman equivalent of 1,000. See: ROMAN NUMERALS.


m.e

text: Abbreviation for MARBLED EDGES.


m.m. system

norm: m.m. system

text: A method of computing the basis weights of all grades of paper on a sheet size of 25 by 40 inches (1,000 square inches) and a 1,000 sheet count, i.e., the 1,000, 1,000 or m.m. system. The traditional writing paper basis weight of 20 pounds (17 X 22—500) becomes 107 pounds on an m.m. basis (25 X 40—1000), while regular 60-pound book paper (25 X 38—500) becomes 126 pounds, and so on. The m.m. system, which originated in the 1920s, is not in general use but printers, paper buyers, as well as others, often find it advantageous to use. In applying the m.m. system, a conversion chart is used which lists various grades with their traditional basis weights and corresponding m.m. factors.

citations: American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

citations: Teigen, Kit. Graphic arts, an introduction…Wayne, Pa. Management Development Institute. 1968.


M.V.T

text: See: MOISTURE VAPOR TRANSMISSION.


machine binding

norm: machine binding

text: A term sometimes applied to the type of bookbinding in which equipment is employed extensively, as contrasted with the type in which relatively little machinery is employed. Machine binding would include mainly edition and pamphlet bindings, and possibly library bindings.

citations: U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


machine direction

norm: machine direction

text: The direction in which the greater number of the fibers of a sheet of paper tend to be oriented as a result of the forward motion of the wire of the papermaking machine. The paper so produced is stronger in the machine direction, and also experiences less dimensional variation in the machine direction due to changes in humidity. The direction at right angles to the machine direction is known as the CROSS DIRECTION. Also called grain or "grain direction."

citations: Clowes, William Beaufoy. A guide to printing. London. Heineman. 1963.


machine ruling

norm: machine ruling

text: The process of applying faint blue, red, or blue and red lines to paper that is to be used for blankbooks, note books, check books, etc., by means of RULING MACHINES, as distinguished from that produced by printing

citations: British Federation of Master Printers. Preliminary technical course in printing. London. British Federation of Master Printers. 1967. 7 vol.


machine sewing

norm: machine sewing

text:
The operation of sewing a book by mechanical means rather than by hand. Although in its broadest sense machine sewing includes OVERSEWING and SINGER SEWING, as well as some forms of SIDE SEWING, it is commonly accepted that the term refers specifically to the various methods of sewing through the folds of the sections by means of sewing machines. Machine sewing is a product of edition binding, and reaches its greatest efficiency (economy) in the sewing of relatively long runs of books of identical size.

The basic principal of machine sewing is that one needle does not go "all along" the length of the section, taking its thread with it, as in hand sewing; instead, a series of needles operate, each with its own kettle stitches.

In the usual type of sewing machine, one section after another is placed on a feeding arm which brings each to the part of the book already sewn. Fully automatic machines feed sections by means of vacuum suckers and/or mechanical grippers which are electronically programmed to reject imperfect sections. The feeding arm forms a saddle with a pronounced ridge over which the half-open section is so placed that the fold is immediately above the edge of the saddle. The saddle has a row of holes through which punches rise and puncture the section. Immediately thereafter, threaded needles descend from above and pass through the holes created by the punches. The thread is then gripped by the side needles of the feeding beam and drawn double for a set space along the back fold to the hook-needles descending from above. The hook-needle grips the loop of thread, and draws it up through the paper and also through the corresponding loop of the preceding section. The feeding arm then swings out to pick up the next section, repeating this process until the sewing is completed.

Sewing with thread alone is sometimes referred to as "ordinary French sewing." Most machine sewing can be done on spine lining material or tapes fed from reels across the spine of the book. The sewing is accomplished in the same manner, but the thread passes through the lining material or tapes. Some machines are so designed that the thread passes around the tape. In addition, some machines work with an off-and-on stitch, which is suitable for books made up of thin paper and/or sections, and corresponds to the two on method used in sewing by hand. While ordinary sewing is done with two needles for each stitch, the off-and-on method requires three needles working in combination, the thread being drawn alternately to one or the other of the outer needles. In the "staggered stitch" method the needle changes its position for each section, so that the thread forms a zig-zag pattern across the tapes which are thus more solidly secured to the sections.

In ordinary French sewing, the books are sewn to each other until the machine is filled, whereupon the books forming a span are taken out and separated by cutting, a process carried out automatically on some models and by a second operator on others. In sewing on linings or tapes, the width of the cloth for each book must be greater than the thickness of the book. This is accomplished by inserting a split after each book, i.e., a wooden strip of a suitable width, usually with a metal gutter to facilitate cutting. In order to allow the sewn book to move forward with the necessary thread corresponding to the width of the split, a free stroke is made after each book, or the spare tape or lining is dropped in a fold between the books. See also: DAVID MCCONNELL SMYTH.

citations: Comparato, Frank E. Books for the millions; a history of the men whose methods and machines packaged the printed word. Harrisburg, Pa. Stackpole. 1971.

citations: Leighton, Douglas. Modern bookbinding: a survey and a prospect. New York. Oxford University Press. 1935.

citations: Perry, Kenneth Frederick, and Clarence T. Babb. The binding of books. Rev. ed. Bloomington, 111. McKnight & McKnight. 1967.

citations: Stephen, George Arthur. Machine book-sewing with remarks on publishers' binding. Aberdeen. Aberdeen University Press. (Reprinted from the Library Association Record. June 1908). 1908.


machine stitching

norm: machine stitching

text: A variation of SIDE SEWING, in which holes are drilled or punched through the gathered leaves and the book is then sewn twice, up and down through the thickness of the book. See also: JAPANESE SEWING.