wood

norm: wood

text:
A heterogeneous material consisting essentially of cellulose (the principal constituent of the cell wall of all plants), hemicelluloses, lignin, organic extratives (essential oils, resins, and the like), water, and soluble salts. It is the raw material for making mechanical and chemical pulps used in the manufacture of paper, as well as numerous other products. Wood, usually in the form of sawdust and shavings, is also used extensively as an inexpensive source of cellulose in a wide variety of chemical processes. Wood bark, and wood itself to a lesser extent. is an important source of vegetable tanning materials.

Green wood contains approximately 40 to 60% water, while dry wood consists of approximately 50O carbon, 6% hydrogen, 40 to 42.5% oxygen, 1% nitrogen, and yields 0.81 to 3.3% ash.


wood ashes

norm: wood ashes

kind: definition

letter: W

letter_raw: W

text: The residue of burned wood, which contains potash-a very strong alkali. The alkali is recovered by leeching the ashes with water, and either it or the ashes themselves are used in some areas of the world, in a mixture with indigo, to render the hair of a hide brittle and easily removed by scraping.

siglum: RE

author: Roberts, Matt T.; Etherington, Don

work: Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology

rights: US Government publication (Library of Congress), published openly in electronic edition by CoOL. Not a Gutenberg/pre-1930 public-domain text -- verify rights before reprinting rather than quoting.

rights_tier: us-government-flagged

citations: Fahey, Herbert, and Peter Fahey. Finishing in hand bookbinding…  San Francisco. The authors. 1951.


wood flour

norm: wood flour

text: See: FINES.


wood paste

norm: wood paste

text: A paste made from finely ground wood meal mixed with wheat paste, or other adhesive, and used to fill in cracks or holes in book boards, or for rebuilding damaged corners.

citations: Middleton, Bernard C. The restoration of leather bindings. Chicago. American Library Association. (A. L. A. Library Technology Project, LTP publication no. 18). 1972.


woodcut book covers

norm: woodcut book covers

text: Pasteboard, or similar binder's board, covered with paper and printed from a woodblock. They were produced in Ferrara, Italy, at the end of the 15th century, and at Augsbnrg at about the same time.

citations: Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. The history of bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Compiled by Dorothy Miner. Baltimore. Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery. 1957.


WOODEN RIBS

norm: wooden ribs

text: That part of the frame in a wooden press on which the long ribs are fastened; in the middle they lie on the winter where the under resistance to the pressure is, and are kept in their place by the summer; and at the fore end they are supported by the fore stay; it is necessary that they should be perfectly level.

siglum: DAP

author: Savage, William

work: A Dictionary of the Art of Printing

rights: Public domain (Project Gutenberg, pre-1930 text)

rights_tier: public-domain


woof

norm: woof

text: See: WEFT.


WOOL CARDS

norm: wool cards

text: Made with strong wire; one of which is fastened to two pieces of wood that go across the wool hole, and the other has two open handles fixed to the back of it, for the purpose of carding the wool with which the balls are stuffed.


WOOL HOLE

norm: wool hole

text:
A place boxed off sometimes under a stair case, or in any situation where the dust will not affect the press room, or other departments of the business—in which the wool is carded wherewith to make the balls.

The wool is kept in the box, over which two pieces of wood are stretched across and fastened down, lowest in the front; on these one of the cards is fixed. In the act of carding the wool the dust and refuse fall into the box, and are thus prevented from being trampled about.

Wool Hole. The workhouse. When a compositor or pressman is reduced by age or illness to take refuge in the workhouse, it is said he is in the Wool Hole.


wool wax

norm: wool wax

text: See: LANOLIN.


wooze

norm: wooze

text: See: OOZE. See also: VEGETABLE TANNINS.


Work and turn

norm: work and turn

text: When a sheet is printed half-sheetwise, the paper must be turned and worked on the second side.

siglum: AMP

author: MacKellar, Thomas

work: The American Printer: A Manual of Typography


WORK WITH A FIGURE

norm: work with a figure

text:
In printing offices where there are a number of presses employed, it is usual to distinguish them by numbers; as 1st press, 2d press, &c.; and the pressmen put a figure into each form they work, corresponding to the number of their press, for the purpose of ascertaining readily at which press a sheet was printed in case of bad workmanship, or any accident; and in general pressmen are subject to a fine if they work without a figure, or with a wrong one: but when the same press works both the forms of a sheet, it is not necessary to have a figure in more than one form.

The figure used to be placed regularly in a white line at the bottom of an even page, about four ems from the fore edge: it was placed in an even page that it might not mislead the bookbinder; and always in a full page that did not finish a paragraph.

Working in Pocket. See Companionship.

Working on Lines. See Companionship.

Working on Time. See Companionship.

Wright, Thomas. See Donations.


worked headband

norm: worked headband

text: See: HEADBAND.


WORKED, or Worked-off

norm: worked, or worked-off

text:
When a job, or the sheet of a work is printed, it is said to be Worked, or Worked-off. See Off.   WORK WITH A FIGURE

When a job, or the sheet of a work is printed, it is said to be Worked, or Worked-off. See Off.


Working in pocket

norm: working in pocket

text: When the hands share equally their earnings on a work.


working life

norm: working life

text: The length of time during which an adhesive, after being mixed with catalyst, solvent, etc., remains suitable for use. See also: STORAGE LIFE.

citations: Skeist, Irving. Handbook of adhesives. New York. Reinhold. 1962.


wormhole

norm: wormhole

variant: worm bore

text: A hole or series of holes bored into, or through, a book or board by one or more BOOKWORMS. A book containing such holes is said to be "wormed."

citations: Cockerell, Douglas. Bookbinding, and the care of books; a textbook for bookbinders and librarians. 5th ed. London. Pitman. 1971.

citations: Philip, Alexander John. The business of bookbinding for librarians …Gravesend. A. J. Philip. 1935.


Wotton, Thomas

norm: wotton, thomas

text:
An English bibliophile sometimes referred to as the English Grolier, not only because he adopted Grolier's motto for use on his own books, but because he also used decorative designs similar to those found on Grolier's books. See: JEAN GROLIER. The more elaborate of Wotton's bindings, which are distinguished by their painted strapwork, were collected during his youth, probably before 1553, while his later bindings are decorated only with armorial stamps. All of his elaborate bindings were probably executed in Paris for him during visits there in the period from 1545 to 1552. The Parisian bindings seem to be the work of four or five different ateliers. Some of these bindings have the motto: Thomae Wottoni et Amicorvm, while another group has the date 1552 stamped on the cover. Most of his bindings are of brown calfskin.

Most of Wotton's books, of which some 130 to 140 are extant, descended through one female line to the Earls of Chesterfield, who moved them from Kent to Derbyshire in 1747, and eventually to the 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who sold the collection in 1919.

citations: Book manufacturers' monthly. New York. Book Manufacturers' Institute.

citations: Fletcher, William Younger. Bookbinding in England and France. London. Seeley. 1897.


wove

norm: wove

text: The type of wire mark on a sheet of machine-made paper. Wove papers do not have the wire marks known as LAID LINES.

citations: American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


wove paper

norm: wove paper

text: A paper having something of a clothlike appearance when viewed by transmitted light. The effect is produced in machine-made papers by the weave of the dandy roll. and in handmade papers by the wires of the mold. James Whatman was probably the first to produce wove paper, and it was first used by John Baskerville in 1757, for Baskerville's type, which was considered to give a superior appearance on paper that did not have chain lines. Wove paper, in addition. does not have laid lines.

citations: Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.

citations: Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.

citations: Radford, Richard George. Letterpress machine work. New York. Staples Press. 1951. 2 vol.


wove paper

text: That which does not show water-marked lines running across it; distinguished from laid paper.

siglum: NBL

author: Bailey, Arthur L.

work: Notes on Bookbinding for Libraries


wrap arounds

norm: wrap arounds

text: Units of 4 pages (2 leaves), or multiples of 4, generally consisting of illustrative matter, wrapped around a section and sewn with it.


wraparound cover

norm: wraparound cover

text: A soft cover used for pamphlets, etc. It consists of one folio that forms the spine as well as the two covers. See also: SELF-COVER.

citations: Stevenson, George A. Graphic arts encyclopedia. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1968.


wrapper binding

norm: wrapper binding

text: See: GIRDLE BOOK.


wrappers

norm: wrappers

variant: wrappered

text: 1. Originally, a temporary paper covering for books designed to protect them until they are bound in a permanent binding. They were plain, marbled, printed, or otherwise decorated. 2. The paper cover of a book, such as the modern paperback. 3. See: BOOK JACKET.

citations: Clowes, William Beaufoy. A guide to printing. London. Heineman. 1963.


wrapping

norm: wrapping

text: The process of attaching a paper or board cover by means of a line of glue at the spine of a side-stitched or sewn book. The book usually has a flat spine.


wrapping bands

norm: wrapping bands

text: An early form of the clasp. In its earliest form, which was on Coptic bindings, it consisted of a strap attached to the fore edge of the upper cover and wound around the book over the fore edge several times. with the end, which was fitted with an ornamental piece of bone. being tucked between the strap and the lower cover. Another strap was similarly wrapped around the head and tail. See also: CLASPS.

citations: Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.


wringer

norm: wringer

text: A power-driven device, consisting of two rubber rollers, through which handmade cases are passed to smooth the covering material and secure it on the outside and to the boards at the turn-ins. The wringer is used principally in library binding.

citations: Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


wringing

norm: wringing

text: The process of removing the bulk of water from wet leather by passing it through a wringing machine, which consists essentially of two large. felt-covered rollers. Wringing generally follows tannage and precedes fatliquoring. Cf: PRESSING; SETTING OUT.

citations: Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


wringing down

norm: wringing down

text: The process of bringing the platen of a press closer to the bed plate, i.e. screwing a press shut.

citations: Diehl, Edith. Bookbinding; its background and technique. New York. Rinehart. 1946. 2 vol.


Wrinkle

norm: wrinkle

text: The uneven surfaces in a volume, caused by not being properly pressed or by dampness, also caused by improper backing.

siglum: MAB

author: Nicholson, James B.

work: A Manual of the Art of Bookbinding


Wrinkle

text: The uneven surface in a volume, caused by not being properly pressed or by dampness, also caused by improper backing.

siglum: ABB

author: Zaehnsdorf, Joseph W.

work: The Art of Bookbinding: A Practical Treatise


writing foil

norm: writing foil

text: A BLOCKING FOIL backed with a pressure-sensitive adhesive. and used for writing titles or classification numbers on books with an electric pen or stylus.

citations: Corderoy, John. Bookbinding for beginners. New York. Watson-Guptill. 1967.


wrong side

norm: wrong side

text: See: RIGHT SIDE.


X

norm: x

letter: X

letter_raw: X

text: The Roman equivalent of 10. See: ROMAN NUMERALS.


XX

norm: xx

text: A symbol indicating 23 karat, or deep GOLD LEAF.


xylographic book

norm: xylographic book

text: See: BLOCK BOOK.


Yankee machine

norm: yankee machine

letter: Y

letter_raw: Y

text: A type of papermaking machine that utilizes one large steam-heated cylinder for drying the newly formed sheet of paper instead of numerous smaller cylinders. The wet paper web is pressed against the surface of the cylinder and is usually held in place by a canvas drier felt as the cylinder revolves. The Yankee drier produces a machine-glazed finish on the side next to the cylinder. The wet end of the machine may be either a cylinder or Fourdrinier machine and may have any number of presses or auxiliary driers of the conventional type. The characteristic features of the Yankee machine are its large cylinder (ranging from 9 to 15 feet in diameter) and its very smooth surface.

citations: Calkin, John Burgess. Modern pulp and paper making. 3rd ed. New York. Reinhold. 1957.


Yapp style

norm: yapp style

variant: Yapp edges

text: See illustration</> A style of binding featuring a cover (leather, or other material, but customarily leather) that overlaps the three edges of both upper and lower covers continuously. The covers are always limp or semi-flexible, and are sometimes fitted with a zipper, which was a later refinement. Yapp books, named after the English bookseller of the second half of the 19th century, William Yapp, always have round corners, and the endpapers are frequently made from a "surface" paper, usually black. The edges are sometimes gilt, frequently over red, or are stained or otherwise colored. The Yapp style is especially associated with books of devotion (almost exclusively today), although a half century ago books of verse were sometimes bound in somewhat similar covers. See also: CIRCUIT EDGES.

citations: Clough, Eric A. Bookbinding for librarians. London. Association of Assistant Librarians. 1957.


yarn

norm: yarn

text: A continuous strand, often of two or more plies, composed of carded or combed fibers twisted together by spinning filaments laid parallel or twisted together, or a single filament. It is made from natural or synthetic fibers and filaments, or blends of these, and is used for the warp and filling in weaving cloth.


yawning boards

norm: yawning boards

text: Book cover boards that curl away from the text block of the book. See also: WARPING.


yellow edge

norm: yellow edge

text: See: HYMNAL STYLE.


yellow prussiate of potash

norm: yellow prussiate of potash

text: See: POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE.


yellowback

norm: yellowback

text: A cheap popular novel, usually of an inferior quality (although not without a certain glittering appeal), and usually sensational in nature. The name derives from the fact that such books were published in yellow enameled paper covers with an illustration is blue or green and black ink on the upper cover. Yellowbacks, which were originated by the Englishman Edmund Evans, flourished between 1855 and 1870, but their production continued until the 1890s. They sold for 1 or 2 shillings and measured 4 1/5 by 6 5/8 inches. Their yellow covers earned them the nickname of "mustard plasters."

citations: Comparato, Frank E. Books for the millions; a history of the men whose methods and machines packaged the printed word. Harrisburg, Pa. Stackpole. 1971.


yellowing

norm: yellowing

text: A process or result of a gradual change from the original appearance of a material, such as paper, due to aging or environmental changes, or both. While yellowing in paper is especially pronounced in papers produced from mechanical wood pulps, it occurs to a greater or lesser degree in virtually all types of vegetable fibers. It is frequently associated with brittleness in paper (although not necessarily), and is sometimes referred to as "color reversion."

citations: Casey, James P. Pulp and pa per: chemistry and chemical technology. 2nd ed. New York. Interscience. 1960-61. 3 vol.


yield

norm: yield

text: The amount of a substance, usually expressed as a percentage of the starting material, which remains after manufacturing or processing action or actions. In papermaking, yield is the pulp obtained from pulpwood, the amount of paper produced from the pulp, etc. In leather manufacture, it is defined as the number of pounds or square feet of finished leather obtained from 100 pounds purchased weight of raw stock.


yield value

norm: yield value

text: The stress (either normal or shear) at which a significant increase in deformation occurs with no increase in load.

citations: Skeist, Irving. Handbook of adhesives. New York. Reinhold. 1962.


Yoshino

norm: yoshino

text:
A Japanese tissue paper produced from the fibers of the paper mulberry, and named after the town of Yoshino in central Honshu, Japan.

<!-- BEGIN Z -->


Zaehnsdorf, Joseph

norm: zaehnsdorf, joseph

letter: Z

letter_raw: Z

text:
An Austro-Hungarian bookbinder, born in Budapest and apprenticed at the age of 15 to a Herr Knipe, a bookbinder of Stuttgart, with whom he worked for 5 years. Thereafter, he travelled to Vienna, where he worked in the shop of a Herr Stephan. Zaehnsdorf left Vienna in about 1836, travelled in Europe, and finally arrived in London in 1837. There he went to work for Messrs. Westley & Co., stayed for 3 years, and then went to work for John Mackenzie for another 3 years, 1840 to 1842. He then established his own bookbinding firm, which flourished until his death, and was then taken over by his only son, Joseph William Zaehnsdorf (1853-1930).

One of the most influential bookbinders of his time, Zaehnsdorf was considered to be an excellent craftsman, with his forwarding and finishing being of equal merit, although in the latter he copied more than he innovated, although invariably in good taste. During his lifetime, fine examples of his workmanship were to be found in libraries of all of the great English book collectors.

citations: Coutts, Henry T., and George A. Stephen. Manual of library bookbinding; practical and historical. London. Libraco. 1911.

citations: Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. The history of bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Compiled by Dorothy Miner. Baltimore. Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery. 1957.

citations: Zaehnsdorf, Joseph William. The art of bookbinding…London. Bell. 1890.


zebra marble

norm: zebra marble

text: A marble pattern consisting of red, black, blue and orange raked from front to back on the size, followed by application of buff or yellow top colors in spots. The paper is either laid flat or shaded. The lines of red, blue, black, and orange are formed into irregular wavy lines by the spots of top color.

citations: Woolnough, Charles W. The whole art of marbling as applied to paper, book edges…Rev. ed. London. Bell. 1881.


zero angle

norm: zero angle

text: A completely flattened configuration of the fiber bundles of a skin, in which the fibers are not distributed in the customary complex three-dimensional network, as in leather, but are aligned into layers parallel to the grain and flesh surfaces of the skin. A true zero angle is probably not attainable, although PARCHMENT and vellum generally have a very low angle. This type of configuration results from drying a skin under high tension.

citations: Reed, Ronald. Ancient skin, parchments and leathers. London. Seminar Press. 1972.


zig-zag endpaper

norm: zig-zag endpaper

text: A type of ENDPAPER devised by either Douglas Cockerell or T. J. Cobden-Sanderson toward the end of the 19th century. The zig-zag endpaper is designed to eliminate drag on the fly leaves and text block, some thing usually accomplished by sewing the endpaper below the gusset so that it can expand with the movement of the board as the book is opened. Unfortunately, sewing the endpaper at only one point is structurally unsound, as it leaves the fly leaves, as well as the leather joint (if used), secured only by tipping. If the endpaper is sewn through both the fly leaves and the made endpaper, which is the usual practice, the advantage of flexibility is negated and drag results, which the endpaper was intended to eliminate. Also called "v" endpaper, "w" endpaper.

citations: Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.

citations: Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


zig-zag fold

norm: zig-zag fold

text: See: CONCERTINA FOLD.


zig-zag guard

norm: zig-zag guard

text: A continuous one-piece guard prepared by folding a sheet of heavy paper, linen, or Japanese copying paper concertina-wise. It is used in the construction of photograph albums and similar guard books, as well as for sewing the folios of large blankbooks and for resewing the sections of books in conservation binding. For conservation sewing, the thin Japanese copying paper is used, its purpose being to prevent the adhesive used in gluing up from reaching the sections and the inside of the book.

citations: Woodcock, John. Binding your own books. Harmondsworth, Middlesex. Penquin. 1955.


zinc hydrosulfite

norm: zinc hydrosulfite

text: A crystalline salt (ZnS2O3), prepared by the reaction of sulfur dioxide with an aqueous suspension of powdered zinc, and used for bleaching mechanical wood pulp.

citations: American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


zinc sulfide

norm: zinc sulfide

text: A compound (ZnS), which occurs naturally as "blende," and is prepared directly from the elements and by precipitation of a zinc salt solution with ammonium sulfide. It is used as a pigment, or as a component of LITHOPONE as a loading material or coating pigment in the manufacture of paper.


zinc white

norm: zinc white

text: Zinc oxide (ZnO), a permanent white pigment produced by a flame process in high temperature furnaces. It is used as a white pigment in making water colors and imparting opacity and color to paper. Because of its ability to pick up, retain, and release electrostatic charges, it is also used in the manufacture of certain copying papers. While zinc white is the whitest of all pigments, it lacks the opacity of a pigment such as titanium dioxide; however, it is also less expensive.


zinco

norm: zinco

text: A economical metallic substitute for BINDER'S BRASS, produced by a photomechanical process. Zinco is much less durable than brass, and impressions made with it tend to be lacking in sharpness.

citations: Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. An encyclopedia of the book. Cleveland. World. 1960.


zincs

norm: zincs

text: 1. Metal plates used for interleaving or for fences in casing or covering books. 2. Large sheets of metal interposed between lifts of flat printed India or other thin papers on automatic feeders of folding machines. They are used to prevent sagging of the lifts. 3. Polished sheets of zinc used in plating paper.


zirconium tanning

norm: zirconium tanning

text: A method of producing leather utilizing salts of zirconium, usually under very acid conditions. The high acidity permits the zirconium salts to precipitate basic salts at lower pH values (on the order of 2.0) than either aluminum or chromium, which are also used in the production of leather. Zirconium salts tend to be very astringent, and normally produce a tight, firm leather; they also cause rapid tannage of the grain of a leather and produce a fine, short nap on suede leathers. By the use of masking salts, such as acetates, their astringency can be reduced, resulting in a softer, smooth-grained leather. Zirconium-tanned leather is usually fuller and firmer than that produced by chrome tanning and actually feels more like a vegetable-tanned leather. The leather so produced is of a pleasing white color, has good light fastness, and is superior to alum-tawed skin in that it does not wash out and has a higher (90° C) shrinkage temperature.

citations: O'Flaherty, Fred, and others, eds. The chemistry and technology of leather. New York. Reinhold. (American Chemical Society monograph series, no. 134. 1956-65. 4 vol.

citations: Sharphouse, John Henry. The leatherworker's handbook. London. Leather Producers' Association. 1963.

citations: Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


zirconium tetrachloride

norm: zirconium tetrachloride

text: A white, crystalline solid (ZrC4), that reacts vigorously with water, and is prepared by the action of chlorine on a mixture of zircon or zirconium oxide and charcoal, or by the action of chlorine and carbon tetrachloride on the oxide at 800° C. The basic salt has tanning properties and is used in producing white leathers.


à la cathédral

norm: à la cathédral

letter: A

letter_raw: À

text: See: ARCHITECTURAL STYLE.


Ève style

norm: ève style

letter: E

letter_raw: È

variant: È bindings

text: A style of decoration executed by the French bookbinders, Nicholas Eve (fl 1578-1582). and his son or nephew, Clovis (fl 1584-1635). They were the Court binders and booksellers to Henri III, Henri IV, and Louis XIII during the period in which they flourished. Typical designs of their bindings included a field powdered with fleur-de-lis, and, occasionally, a center piece of the Crucifixion on the Royal Arms, and, while many bindings in the FANFARE STYLE have been attributed to them, for only a few extant fanfares can this be said with certainty. The Eves were among the first bookbinders to conceive the pattern on the covers and spine as an integrated unit. Only three extant bindings are known to be their work. All three are powdered with fleurs-de-lis.

citations: Fletcher, William Younger. Bookbinding in England and France. London. Seeley. 1897.

citations: Harrison, T. The bookbinding craft and industry; an outline of its history, development, and technique. London. Pitman. 1926.

citations: Holden, John Allen. The bookman's glossary…3rd ed. New York. Bowker. 1951.


écrasé leather

norm: écrasé leather

letter_raw: É

text: A leather which has been crushed or flattened by mechanical means so as to give it a particular grained appearance. See also: GLACÉ.

citations: Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.