PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS

3 Vict. c. 9. “An Act to give summary Protection to Persons employed in the Publication of Parliamentary Papers.

“Whereas it is essential to the due and effectual Exercise and Discharge of the Functions and Duties of Parliament, and to the Promotion of wise Legislation, that no Obstructions or Impediments should exist to the Publication of such of the Reports, Papers, Votes, or Proceedings of either House of Parliament as such House of Parliament may deem fit or necessary to be published: And whereas Obstructions or Impediments to such Publication have arisen, and hereafter may arise, by means of Civil or Criminal Proceedings being taken against Persons employed by or acting under the Authority of the Houses of Parliament, or One of them, in the Publication of such Reports, Papers, Votes, or Proceedings; by reason and for Remedy whereof it is expedient that more speedy Protection should be afforded to all Persons acting under the Authority aforesaid, and that all such Civil or Criminal Proceedings should be summarily put an end to and determined in manner herein-after mentioned: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That it shall and may be lawful for any Person or Persons who now is or are, or hereafter shall be, a Defendant or Defendants in any Civil or Criminal Proceeding commenced or prosecuted in any Manner soever, for or on account or in respect of the Publication of any such Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings by such Person or Persons, or by his, her, or their Servant or Servants, by or under the Authority of either House of Parliament, to bring before the Court in which such Proceeding shall have been or shall be so commenced or prosecuted, or before any Judge of the same (if One of the Superior Courts at Westminster), first giving Twenty-four Hours Notice of his Intention so to do to the Prosecutor or Plaintiff in such Proceeding, a Certificate under the Hand of the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, or of the Speaker of the House of Lords, for the Time being, or of the Clerk of the Parliaments, or of the Speaker of the House of Commons, or of the Clerk of the same House, stating that the Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, as the Case may be, in respect whereof such Civil or Criminal Proceeding shall have been commenced or prosecuted, was published by such Person or Persons, or by his, her, or their Servant or Servants, by Order or under the Authority of the House of Lords or of the House of Commons, as the Case may be, together with an Affidavit verifying such Certificate; and such Court or Judge shall thereupon immediately stay such Civil or Criminal Proceeding, and the same, and every Writ or Process issued therein, shall be and shall be deemed and taken to be finally put an end to, determined, and superseded by virtue of this Act.

s. 2. “And be it enacted, That in case of any Civil or Criminal Proceeding hereafter to be commenced or prosecuted for or on account or in respect of the Publication of any Copy of such Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, it shall be lawful for the Defendant or Defendants at any Stage of the Proceedings to lay before the Court or Judge such Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, and such Copy, with an Affidavit verifying such Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, and the Correctness of such Copy, and the Court or Judge shall immediately stay such Civil or Criminal Proceeding, and the same, and every Writ or Process issued therein, shall be and shall be deemed and taken to be finally put an end to, determined, and superseded by virtue of this Act.

s. 3. “And be it enacted, That it shall be lawful in any Civil or Criminal Proceeding to be commenced or prosecuted for printing any Extract from or Abstract of such Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, to give in Evidence under the General Issue such Report, Paper, Votes, or Proceedings, and to show that such Extract or Abstract was published bonâ fide and without Malice; and if such shall be the Opinion of the Jury a Verdict of Not guilty shall be entered for the Defendant or Defendants.

s. 4. “Provided always, and it is hereby expressly declared and enacted, That nothing herein contained shall be deemed or taken, or held or construed, directly or indirectly, by Implication or otherwise, to affect the Privileges of Parliament in any Manner whatsoever.”

Parliamentary Proceedings. See Newspaper Postage.


part binding

An obsolete style of library binding consisting of a cloth spine, paper sides with no corners, or, at times, a paper spine, with sides of a different type of paper, but again no corners.

Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology

US Government publication (Library of Congress), published openly in electronic edition by CoOL. Not a Gutenberg/pre-1930 public-domain text -- verify rights before reprinting rather than quoting.


parts of a book

The different segments of a book, gathered in the following order: half title page, frontispiece, title page, printer's imprint and copyright notice, dedication, preface, acknowledgments, table of contents. list of illustrations, introduction, errata, text, appendices, author's notes, glossary, bibliography, index, and colophon. Publishers sometimes vary the order of inclusion, and not all works contain all segments indicated.

Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. An encyclopedia of the book. Cleveland. World. 1960.


passing

A metallic thread worked through the material of an embroidered binding or sewn to it with silk thread of the same color. See also: TAMBOUR (2).

Prideaux, Sarah Treverbian. An historical sketch of bookbinding. London. Lawrence & Bullen. 1893.


Passing the make-up

Passing to the next hand in order the lines remaining (if any) after a compositor has made up his matter, together with the gauge and proper folio.

The American Printer: A Manual of Typography

Public domain (Project Gutenberg, pre-1930 text)


paste

A soft, plastic. adhesive composition, having a high order of yield value, and generally prepared by heating a mixture of starch and water and subsequently cooling the hydrolized product.

Paste has been used for centuries to join porous, non-greasy materials. At one time it was made from flour (frequently wheat flour) mixed with water, but other materials now are frequently added to achieve particular results. The present-day tendency is to use ready-made paste in which the proportions of the ingredients are scientifically blended.

Paste has many uses in bookbinding, although its use is declining in favor of the increased use of cold resinous adhesives, such as polyvinyl acetate. It is still used, however, in covering, for pasting down endpapers, and in casing-in, etc. It is also used for decorative work (see: PASTE PAPERS), in repairing torn leaves, and the like. In paper conservation, rice starch and wheat starch pastes are used for hinging, lining, and in long-fiber repairs.

Johnson, Pauline. Creative bookbinding. Seattle. University of Washington Press. 1963.

Kantrowitz, Morris S., and others. Miscellaneous bookbinding adhesives. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. (GPO PIA joint research bulletin, B-4). 19--.

Lydenherg, Harry Miller, and John Archer. The care and repair of books. 4th ed. New York. Bowker. 1960.

Skeist, Irving. Handbook of adhesives. New York. Reinhold. 1962.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


PASTE BOWL

A small wooden bowl to hold paste for the use of the press room; it is usually the bowl of an old ball stock.


paste drying

A method of curing freshly flayed hides or skins by means of a watery paste of natural salty earth (see: KHARI) rubbed into the skin on the flesh side. This treatment rapidly draws water from the skin, resulting in a quick cure. The salts also have a bacteriostatic effect so that drying need not be as thorough as in the case of air drying. Paste-dried stock is also easier to rehydrate than that which is air dried. Paste drying as a method of curing has been used for centuries and is still employed in India, Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey.

Reed, Ronald. Ancient skin, parchments and leathers. London. Seminar Press. 1972.


paste papers

Decorative endpapers and cover papers produced by pressing or sliding objects into a wet paste or starch mixture that has been spread on the paper. When dry the paper is then glazed. The paste is usually colored with poster paints, dyes, colored inks, or the like, worked into the thinned paste. Paste papers, which were one of the earliest forms of decorative papers, were used for both cover papers and endpapers from the 16th through the 18th centuries, and are still used to some extent today.

Forsyth, K. Marjorie. Bookbinding for teachers, students and amateurs. London, Black. 1932.

Loring, Rosamond Bowditch. Decorated book papers…1st ed. 1942; 2nd ed. 1952. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.


paste tins

Zinc-covered boards used mainly in trade binding for pasting guards and cloth joints. The zinc is pasted and the guards and/or cloth joints are laid down, a sheet of waste paper is laid on top and rubbed down, resulting in the laid down material picking up the adhesive.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


paste water

Paste that has been thinned down to the consistency of milk. See: PASTE-WASHING.


paste-grained roan

A tanned grain split of a sheepskin, split while in the limed state. When in the finishing stage, a flour paste is applied to the flesh side, which causes the skin to plump, enabling it to take a bright cross or straight grain. The flesh split is either tanned or converted into parchment. Paste-grained roan is sometimes referred to as "French morocco. "

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


PASTE-WASH

Paste diluted with water.

The Art of Bookbinding: A Practical Treatise


paste-washing

1. The process of applying a coating of thinned paste to the flesh side of leather, so as to cause the leather to shrink slightly and also to help it maintain its shape when covering. 2. The process of applying thinned paste to the grain surface of calfskin and sheepskin bindings before tooling so as to clean the leather and fill in the pores to prevent absorption of the glair. 3. See: CLEANING OFF.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.


pasteboard

1. A class of board produced by laminating (pasting) sheets of (brown) paper and used for the boards of books, or, if lined, for printing. Originally pasteboards were generally of three types: 1) those made by pasting together sheets of plain paper, leaves of books, or printing spoilage; 2) a better grade produced by matting together sheets of newly made handmade paper; and 3) an inferior grade produced from shavings and even floor sweepings. The last named was not actually "pasteboard," by definition, as it was not built up of laminated layers.

Pasteboard was not in general use in Europe before about the first quarter of the 16th century, although in the East its use for book boards originated centuries before. By the second quarter of the 16th century, however, the use of pasteboard for books exceeded that of wood. Pasteboard continued to be used in economy trade binding until late in the 18th century, even though it had begun to be replaced by rope-fiber millboards in the latter part of the 17th century. Genuine pasteboards are seldom used in bookbinding today. (See also: BINDER'S BOARD.)

2. A general term applied to those paperboards and cardboards formed by pasting a liner on stock of a different grade. The term also denotes any stiff board or cardboard of medium thickness.

British Federation of Master Printers. Preliminary technical course in printing. London. British Federation of Master Printers. 1967. 7 vol.

Langwell, William Herbert. The conservation of books and documents. London. Pitman. 1957


pastebox

A wooden box lined on the inside with zinc or galvanized iron, and fitted with a rod across one end to enable the bookbinder to work surplus paste from his brush into the box

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


pastedown

The plain, colored, fancy, or marbled paper attached to the inside of the board of a book after it has been covered, or when it is cased-in. The pastedown serves several purposes: 1) it hides the raw edges of the covering material where it is turned over the edges of the board; 2) it forms the hinge between the text block and the board or case; and 3) in edition and library binding, particularly the former. the pastedown and hinge are frequently the only means by which the text block is secured to its case. If the pastedown is laid down independently of, and is separate from, the flyleaf, it is called a DOUBLURE (1), in which case it is joined to the flyleaf by means of joint, usually of leather. The pastedown is frequently referred to as the "board paper." It is also sometimes called the "endpaper" (singular), "end lining," "end sheet" (singular), or "lining paper." See also: PASTING-DOWN OPEN; PASTING-DOWN SHUT.

Cockerell, Douglas. Bookbinding, and the care of books; a textbook for bookbinders and librarians. 5th ed. London. Pitman. 1971.

Middleton, Bernard C. The restoration of leather bindings. Chicago. American Library Association. (A. L. A. Library Technology Project, LTP publication no. 18). 1972.


paster

1. A machine used for pasting sheets together, either in a continuous roll or as separate sheets. 2. A device for applying a fine line of paste or other adhesive on one or both sides of a web of paper, the web then being cut, printed, and folded to produce booklets in which paste is used in lieu of sewing or stitching. The adhesive can be applied only in the direction the web travels.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


Pastewash

A thin dilution of paste in water.


pasting

1. A general term applied to the process of joining two or more sheets of paper or board, cloth and board, leather and board, cloth and paper, etc., by means of an adhesive. 2. The application of paste to a surface, either by hand with a brush, or by machine. Pasting machines are used to a considerable extent, either as independent units or built into other machines, e.g., casing-in machines. The pasting machine usually consists of a rotating cylinder to which the adhesive is carried from a container or through transfer cylinders, and against which the paper is fed.

Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. An encyclopedia of the book. Cleveland. World. 1960.

Melcher, Daniel, and Nancy Larrick. Printing and promotion handbook …3rd ed. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1966.


pasting down

In hand binding, the process of pasting the board papers to the insides of the boards of a book. In library and edition binding, the proper term is CASING-IN.

Also called "pasting off," or "pasting up." See also: PASTEDOWN; PASTING-DOWN OPEN; PASTING-DOWN SHUT.

Watson Aldred Auld. Hand bookbinding a manual of instruction. New York. Reinhold. 1963.


pasting off

See: PASTING DOWN.


pasting-down open

The traditional method of pasting the board papers to the boards in hand binding (and almost always when it is a leather binding), while the boards are open and resting on the block.

Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.


pasting-down shut

A method of pasting the board papers to the boards in hand binding. The board papers are spread with adhesive and the boards are closed onto them and pressed. In hand and edition binding, this technique is used for cloth or case bindings, respectively.

Smith, Frederick Richard. Bookbinding. London. Pitman. 1929.


patent leather

A cattle or horse hide, which is coated, usually on the flesh side, with a flexible, waterproof film having a lustrous and highly glazed surface produced by successive coatings of daubs, varnishes, and lacquers, some of which may be pigmented. These were formerly based on boiled linseed oil ("Japanning") but some or all may now consist partly or entirely of plasticized cellulose nitrate and/or plastic resins.

Waterer, John William. A guide to the conservation and restoration of objects made wholly or in part of leather. 2nd ed. London. Bell. 1973.

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


pattern

1. See: RUB. 2. In edition binding. the base used as a pattern for the entire edition. 3. Metal plates, the exact size of the covers of a book, and used as guides in cutting leather covers or spines.

Philip, Alexander John. The business of bookbinding for librarians …Gravesend. A. J. Philip. 1935.


pattern board

A board on which the bookbinder mounts a specimen of the covering material to show the titling layout, color, size, etc., to ensure uniformity in the binding of a series of books. See also: RUB (1).

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.


patterned papers

Papers printed or patterned in relief with a design and used for book jackets or covers. One of the more common patterns has been a simulation of leather. Patterned papers are produced by passing the web of paper through rollers engraved with the pattern on the papermaking machine. For linen or crash patterns the rollers may be wrapped with the material itself.

Jennett, Sean. The making of books. 4th ed. New York. Praeger. 1967.


paumelle

A wooden toothed instrument sometimes used to impart a straight or cross grain pattern to MOROCCO leather.

Horne, Herbert Percy. The binding of books; an essay in the history of gold-tooled bindings. 2nd ed. New York. Haskell House. 1970.


pawl press

A very powerful type of STANDING PRESS, equipped with a pawl (a device which permits motion in one direction only until released) to enable the press to maintain constant pressure. It was used in the past by printers and bookbinders.

Porte, Roy Trewin. Dictionary of printing terms. 4th ed. Salt Lake City. Porte. 1941.


Payne

Roger, style. The ornaments of this style are easily identified, being free and flowing in stem and flower; whereas before Payne’s time they had been stiff and formal. The honeysuckle is a customary ornament. The impressions of the tools are usually studded round with gold dots, whether used in borders, corners, or centerpieces. The style is well suited for early nineteenth century literature, especially poetry.


Payne, Roger

The most accomplished and influential of the 18th century English bookbinders. Payne was born in Windsor, England, and was probably apprenticed to an Eton bookseller named Pote. Later he was employed by the Holborn bookseller, Thomas Osborne. In about 1770 Payne was set up in business by Thomas Payne (no relation), the principal bookseller of London.

Roger Payne was an outstanding craftsman. His books were very well forwarded and his style of finishing displayed not only a high level of skill but also very good taste. He usually sewed his books with silk thread and lined the spines with leather. He frequently used elaborately designed doublures, made his endpapers with leather joints, and covered the books with russia leather or morocco. Since Payne was usually short of cash, he cut his own (iron) finishing tools, building up beautiful designs with a relatively meager assortment of small ornaments.

Payne developed a style of splendid simplicity, perhaps made necessary by having to cut his own tools, which gave his design a simplicity and individuality which they otherwise might have lacked. His style consisted essentially of the repetition of small floral forms in borders of radiating corners, the background being formed with dots and circles.

Payne described his bindings as "bound in the very best manner," or "finished in the most magnificent manner," not because of mere vanity on his part, but simply as the only true description of his work. Oftentimes he presented his customers with highly detailed invoices describing the work he had done. He made his ornamentation appropriate to the subject matter of the book and while the spines were often richly embellished, the covers were generally quite simple.

The leathers he used were generally olive, red or blue morocco, or brown Russia. Payne's endpapers were nearly always solid in color. He preferred purple (sometimes pink) and generally used endpapers which clashed with the covers. His headbands were flat (upright) and sewn with green silk which sometimes had a gold thread in it. The edges of his bindings were rough gilt or plain.

Davenport, Cyril James Humphries. Roger Payne, English bookbinder of the eighteenth century. Chicago. Printed for the Caxton Club. 1929.

Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. The history of bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Compiled by Dorothy Miner. Baltimore. Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery. 1957.


peacock marble

A drawn marble pattern that is essentially a variation of the NONPAREIL MARBLE, the difference being that after the colors (black, blue, yellow, and red; or black, brown, yellow, and white) have been drawn by the stylus into wavy lines, they are then drawn with a comb, which is extendible in such a manner that it is made wider and narrower at intervals of 1/2 inch. This widening and narrowing is continued until the entire surface is crossed by this opening and closing comb, resulting in a pattern resembling the tail of a peacock.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


peacock roll

A ROLL (1) cut in the shape of the raised and spread tail of a peacock as part of the design. This type of design is characteristic of some English Restoration bindings, as well as some 18th century Irish bindings.

Craig, Maurice James. Irish bookbindings, 1600-1800. London. Cassell. 1954.


PEARL

The name of a type, one size larger than Diamond, and one smaller than Ruby. It is the smallest size that Moxon mentions.—See Types.


pearl ash

A crude form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) leached from wood ashes, purified by partial crystallization and then dried by evaporation. It is dissolved in water and used to wash the covers of leather bindings before marbling.

Crane, W. J. E. Bookbinding for amateurs…New York. Scribner. 1903.

Hasluck, Paul Nooncree, ed. Bookbinding. Philadelphia. McKay. 1903.


pearl edge

A 19th century method of edge decoration executed by gilding the edge of the book, tooling a pattern on the gilt and then removing the gold where the tools have not impressed a pattern. At one time pearl edge bindings were considered to be ideal wedding gifts.


pearl filler

CALCIUM SULFATE.


pearl-sewn bindings

EMBROIDERED BINDINGS incorporating seed pearls.


pebbled-grain

See: BOARDING (1).


pebbling

A rough finish on a coated paper, produced by passing the paper between roughened rollers under high pressure. Because it is more difficult to print on roughened paper than on paper which is smooth, paper is usually pebbled subsequent to printing. A fine-screen halftone cannot be printed on eggshell or antique paper by letterpress processes, but it can be printed on smooth paper that is later pebbled to an antique finish.

Pebbling is often employed to improve the appearance, bulk, or pliability of paper so that a cheaper paper may be substituted for more expensive stock.

It may be used to finish small quantities of paper which otherwise could not be purchased with a pebbled finish except in large quantities.

Melcher, Daniel, and Nancy Larrick. Printing and promotion handbook …3rd ed. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1966.

Pratt, Guy A. Let's bind a book. Rev. ed. Milwaukee. Bruce. 1944.


peccary

Leather made from the skin of the wild boar, genus Tayassu, of Central and South America, i.e., South American PIGSKIN.


peel

A wooden implement in the shape of a "T" square, used mainly by printers, but also by bookbinders for carrying washed sheets and book leaves to the drying lines.

Cockerell, Douglas. Bookbinding, and the care of books; a textbook for bookbinders and librarians. 5th ed. London. Pitman. 1971.

Coutts, Henry T., and George A. Stephen. Manual of library bookbinding; practical and historical. London. Libraco. 1911.


PEEL

An article to hang up the wet paper, upon the poles, to dry. The head is made of thin wainscot, and the upper edge is the thinnest, and rounded; the handle is of ash, with a groove cut in the upper end, to receive the head, which is secured to it by wooden pins going through the whole; and that part of the handle which receives the head is planed down, so that at the upper end of it, it is rendered quite thin, that there may be no shoulder to derange the paper. In large offices they have them with handles of different lengths, to suit the heights of the rooms in which paper is hung up to dry.

A wooden peel

William Savage, A Dictionary of the Art of Printing, 1841


peel

A broad, thin board with a long handle.


peel

A wooden instrument used to hang up damp sheets for drying.


peel

a thin board on a handle used for hanging up sheets for drying.


peeling

1. A form of leather decay characterized by peeling off of the grain surface. Peeling seems to be particularly associated with those leathers tanned with the condensed class of vegetable tannins, although at this time the cause or causes of the defect are unknown. 2. A defect in paper in which the surface scales or peels off.


peg rake

An implement consisting of a series of round wooden pegs set in a frame. The pegs are smooth and taper slightly at the points and are set about 114 inch apart. The device is used to "rake" marbling colors on the size. The pegs should be of sufficient length to touch the bottom of the trough.

Loring, Rosamond Bowditch. Decorated book papers…1st ed. 1942; 2nd ed. 1952. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.


pelt

A contradictory term defined both as the skin of an animal with the hair, wool or fur still on, and specifically in the leather trade, as a hide or skin prepared for tanning by the removal of the hair or wool, epidermis, and flesh.

British Standards Institution. British standard glossary of leather terms. B. S. 2780: 1956. London. British Standards Institution.

Philip, Alexander John. The business of bookbinding for librarians …Gravesend. A. J. Philip. 1935.


PELT POT

Generally a large jar, in which urine is kept, to steep the pelts in previous to making the balls; as also to steep the blankets in, in which the balls are wrapped up at night. This only refers to pelt balls, for where composition balls are used, this offensive article is discarded.


PELTS

Sheep skins untanned used for ball leathers.—M. The pelts that were used previous to the introduction of composition, were sheep skins, with the wool taken off, dressed with lime, and dried. They are nearly superseded by composition balls and rollers.

When they are wanted for use, they are steeped in urine to soften them, then rubbed through a twisted iron to supple them, and to take out part of the moisture, which is termed currying; and afterwards trodden under foot at the press side, by the pressman who is beating, to expel the superfluous moisture; they are then scraped, to clean the surface, and made up into balls, stuffed with carded wool, having a lining made of a pelt taken from an old ball. This lining keeps the outer skin moist, and makes the ball firmer on the stock.

The softer a pelt is, so long as it is not surcharged with moisture, the better it will cover the surface of the type or engraving with ink: and it will also retain on its surface particles of dust, wool, or other extraneous matter, without parting with them to the letter or engraving; so that the work will be better and clearer of picks, than when the pelt is drier and harder.

In knocking-up balls, it is not necessary to tread the pelts, as is usually done, and which is inconvenient when a man is working at half press: it will answer equally well if the pelts be well curried, and, after the balls are made, well scraped; which may be done by placing the ball on the knees, with its handle against the stomach, to hold it firm; then taking a sharp table knife, the handle of which is held with one hand and the point with the other, and scraping from the stock over the edge of the ball to the centre; by which operation the superfluous moisture will be got rid of, and the ball will work equally well as those that have been trod by the pressman.

It is customary for pressmen to throw aside pelts that are greasy, and not to use them, till the last, in consequence of an opinion general among them, that they will not take ink: but, from repeated experiments that I have made, I could not perceive the least difference between the most greasy pelts and those that were free from grease; the one taking ink and retaining it on its surface, equally as well as the other. Since then I have frequently mentioned the subject to some of the most experienced pressmen, who all allow that a greasy pelt is more durable than one clear of grease.

A greasy pelt requires more currying than one that is not greasy; and it is better to let it remain longer in the pelt pot, currying it occasionally, which act the pressmen term giving it exercise. It is an advantage also to curry, occasionally, any pelts that are in the pelt pot; as it improves their condition, and prevents their spoiling, so soon as they would otherwise do, by being in soak, when not immediately wanted.

In the country I have found it more convenient to get sheep’s skins from the skinners, without any other preparation than having the wool taken off; and these were more durable, and made softer and better balls, than when dressed and dried in the usual way. See Currying.


pen ruling machine

See: RULING MACHINES.


Pencil

A small brush of camel's hair.


Pencil

A small brush of camel’s hair used for glairing.


pencil case

A colloquial expression for a fold of unadhered paper in the hinge of a book caused by the endpaper not adhering properly, by too loose a turn-in, or by a spine inlay that is too large, etc.

Forsyth, K. Marjorie. Bookbinding for teachers, students and amateurs. London, Black. 1932.


pencil in

The process of applying glair directly into the blind impressions of a decoration before laying on the gold leaf.

Fahey, Herbert, and Peter Fahey. Finishing in hand bookbinding…  San Francisco. The authors. 1951.


penetration

1. The entering of an adhesive into an adherend. This property is measured by the depth to which the adhesive penetrates the adherend. See also: ABSORBENCY; PERMEABILITY; STRIKE IN. 2. A general term for the infusion of a tanning material into the thickness of a hide or skin. 3. The entering of an ink vehicle into the surface of a paper or cloth.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

Grant, Julius. Books & documents; dating, permanence and preservation. London. Grafton. 1937.

Skeist, Irving. Handbook of adhesives. New York. Reinhold. 1962.


penning

The process of blackening the blind impressions of a decoration with carbon or Chinese ink, in order to accentuate the blind lines.


penta-chlorophenol

A crystalline compound (C6C15OH), produced by the reaction of hexachlorobenzene with sodium hydroxide, or of chlorine with phenol, and used, in concentrations of 0.1% by weight of the paper, as a fungicide. It is applicable either as an aqueous or non-aqueous solution. Being a highly chlorinated substance, it must be used in the presence of sufficient alkali to compensate for the probable liberation of hydrochloric acid, or in such small quantities, i.e., less than 0.1%, so as not to endanger the paper severely even if it does decompose slightly. To avoid the danger of acidity, p.c.p. is sometimes used as the sodium salt, sodium pentachlorophenate, which is less likely to produce difficulty because of acidity. P.c.p. is colorless and is not likely to produce an appreciable odor.

Langwell, William Herbert. The conservation of books and documents. London. Pitman. 1957


PENULTIMATE

The last syllable but one of a word.


pepper boxes

The pattern appearing on the grain surface of a leather produced from grubby hides. The pattern actually consists of grub holes, and often resembles (in miniature) the holes produced by shotgun pellets. See also: WARBLES.

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


per cent points

A method of expressing a strength factor in paper. It is calculated to a basis weight of 100 points by dividing the actual test results by the actual basis weight and multiplying by 100.


percent wet tensile strength

The tensile strength of a paper when it is completely saturated with water. It is expressed as a percentage of the dry tensile strength of the same paper. See also: WET-STRENGTH PAPER.


perching

The process in the manufacture of some leathers wherein the skin is clamped in a wooden frame (the "perch") and flexed by a scraping action on the flesh side with a moon knife (or arm perch). Perching is done on very soft, delicate skins, as well as on some furred or wooled skins. Essentially, it is a variation of STAKING.

Sharphouse, John Henry. The leatherworker's handbook. London. Leather Producers' Association. 1963.


perfect binding

See: ADHESIVE BINDING.


PERFECT PAPER

Paper sent in to print on, in which there is an extra quantity, to allow for waste, &c.; thus a bundle consists of 43 quires, or 1032 sheets; and a ream of 21½ quires, or 516 sheets; without any outside quires, and the whole consists of perfect sheets.

Period. See Punctuation.

Periodical Publications. See Newspaper Postage. Publications.


perfected

An edition binding term indicating that both sides of the sheet (i.e., the outer and inner forms) have been printed. The sheet is then ready to be folded and gathered with other perfected and folded sheets to form a book ready to be bound.


PERFECTING

Printing the second form of a sheet; called also working the reiteration.


PERFECTING

Printing the second form of a sheet.


perforating

1. The process of punching round or slotted holes in paper, either during printing or as a separate operation, so that one portion of the sheet may be detached from another, e.g., checks from a checkbook. 2. The process of punching holes, generally arranged in the form of a letter or letters, symbol, etc., in one or more leaves of a publication, for the purpose of identifying the ownership of the material. See also: EMBOSSING (3).

Karch, Robert Randolph. Graphic arts procedures. 4th ed. Chicago. American Technical Society. 1970.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


perforating at press

PERFORATING (1) done on a printing press by means of a special perforating rule in the printing form. Perforating at press generally does not produce as satisfactory results as perforating as a separate operation, but it is more economical.

Porte, Roy Trewin. Dictionary of printing terms. 4th ed. Salt Lake City. Porte. 1941.


perforating machine

A machine used for perforating paper. Two types of perforating machines are in general use: 1) the vertical, or flat-bed perforator, in which the punches and dies are set in a straight line, with the punches set in a moving bar and the dies in the surface of the table. Several sheets may be fed at one time between the punches and dies against adjustable guides. When the machine is activated, the bar descends and punches a series of holes in the paper. The punches are adjustable so that some may be removed when the holes are to be punched only part way across the sheet; and 2) rotary perforators, which are capable of punching round holes, slots, or slits. The punches and dies are mounted on discs that revolve against each other, the paper being fed between them, with one edge against a guide. This type may be set to perforate struck lines as well. Some types of perforators raise the punches for struck lines, while others drop the dies; however, in either case, the punches d o not enter the dies, so the sheets are left unperforated. This movement of dies or punches is synchronized with the opening of a paper gate so that the perforating will start at the desired point. The same result may be obtained on other machines by removing some of the punches. Rotary perforators can accommodate several perforating heads which are adjustable laterally on the spindles to change the spacing between the lines of perforations. The minimum spacing varies with different makes of machines.

The angle perforator can punch in both directions at one feeding. This machine is actually a combination of two rotary perforators at right angles to each other, with feed rollers to carry the sheets of paper from one set of perforating heads to the other.

By means of special attachments, most rotary perforators can also perform other operations, such as scoring, crimping, and slitting.

Strauss, Victor. The printing industry…Washington, D.C. Printing Industries in America. 1967.


Perforating rule

Brass or steel rule, somewhat higher than type.


perforator

A punch or stamp which perforates a mark of ownership in the leaf of a book. They may be hand- or power-operated, the latter usually by means of compressed air.


performance standards

Standards that measure the performance of a product as a unit, e.g., a binding, but which do not specify materials and methods of manufacture. Performance standards, at least as related to edition and library binding, are largely meaningless, because by implication, if not fact, they measure the durability of the binding in the short run only, while the need for the book, and therefore its binding, may extend well into the long run. period binding. See: CONTEMPORARY BINDING (2).


permanent materials

Those (book) materials, as defined by the Library Binding Institute, which a library considers basic to its collection. Literary or monetary value, replaceability, age, accuracy of information, etc., may be pertinent criteria, but the essential criterion is the importance of a specific volume to a particular library's collection.

Library Binding Institute. Library binding handbook. Rev. ed. Boston. Library Binding Institute. 1971.


permanent paper

A paper manufactured in such a manner as to resist chemical action which may result from impurities in the paper itself, as a result of materials or methods used in manufacture, or agents from the surrounding atmosphere while in storage. A "permanent" paper, therefore, is one which resists the effects of aging to a greater degree than is usual in ordinary paper.

Several levels of permanence have been arbitrarily established. In descending order, they are:

1. The greatest degree of permanence obtainable, within the limits of present-day technology. These papers would be used for state or other archives, treaties, political records, etc. This quality of paper would be manufactured from 100% rag (new linen), flax, cotton, or hemp, undyed and unbleached, and produced by hand or machine. It would contain no loading or color additives, and beating and drying would be controlled so as to obtain maximum folding and tearing strengths. The physical and chemical criteria of permanence would be: <!-- don't know what sort of list this should be -->

pH value—minimum of 7.0, maximum 9.5

acidity—maximum of 0.04%

folding strength decrease after 72 hours at 100° C.—maximum of 25%

alpha cellulose content—minimum of 95%—decrease after 72 hours at 100° C.—maximum of 1.5

copper number—maximum of 1.2; maximum after 72 hours at 100° C.—.5

rosin content—maximum of 1.2%

iron content—maximum of 0.005%

chlorine content—maximum of 0.05%

2. Intermediate level, providing a high degree of permanence, yet considerably lower than that of the highest level. This type of paper would be used for important documents, including letters of government officials, and special editions of books intended for permanent retention (and which are to be retained under the best of environmental conditions while still being made available to readers). This class of paper would consist of 100% rag (clean, undyed rags of linen, cotton, or hemp), with any materials used for coloring to be as lightfast as possible and free from acid. The maximum decrease in folding endurance after 72 hours at 100° C. should not exceed 30%, and the alpha cellulose minimum should be 92%.

3. The lowest level, used principally for printing first editions, issues of important books, periodical publications, important reference books, and the like, all of which will be stored under relatively good storage conditions. This paper would consist of 30% rag, mixed with 70% carefully bleached sulfite wood pulp, or 35% wood pulp and 35% other fiber, e. g., esparto, straw, etc.; maximum ash content to be 10%, except for coated and other special papers required for color printing, etc. The coloring material would not be poorer in light fastness than ultramarine, or poorer than Prussian blue in its resistance to acidity. Alpha cellulose minimum would be 87% and the maximum decrease in folding endurance after 72 hours at 100° C. would be 40%. Other specifications would be the same as the intermediate type.

These specifications do not of course have any bearing on the permanence (or lack of it) of papers already in existence. The prevailing opinion today seems to be that any paper can be made more or less "permanent" by the addition of a suitable alkaline reserve. Modern papers containing, for example, at least 3% (by weight of the paper) of calcium or magnesium carbonate are sometimes classed as archival, since they are expected to last in the range of 300 to 500 years. The addition of an alkaline reserve into any given paper, however, will not restore strength to the paper if it has already been weakened by deleterious influences, either during manufacture, or thereafter. Furthermore, the length of time an alkaline reserve will retain its effectiveness depends, at least to a certain extent, on the level of pollution in the atmosphere, and the quantity of harmful chemicals added to the paper during manufacture. Finally, while an alkaline reserve may retard or prevent chemical deterioration, it has no influence on the fundamental durability of the paper, i.e., its inherent strength, which is enhanced, for example, by the use of long-fibered stock, and decreased by the use of excessive loadings, filler clays, etc.


permanent-durable paper

See: DURABILITY (OF PAPER); PERMANENT PAPER.


permanganate bath

A solution of one of the permanganate salts, such as salts of permanganic acid, potassium permanganate sodium permanganate, etc., used to remove stains from paper. Thirty grams of the permanganate in one liter of slightly warm water is the usual concentration. The sheets, subsequent to treatment, are washed under running water until as much of the purple stain of the permanganate as possible is removed. Not all of the salt can be removed by washing; therefore, the sheets are generally placed in a bath of 1 ounce of sulfurous acid to 1/2 liter of water until the original color is restored. The sheets are then washed again in running water and resized.

Wilson, William Kester, and B. W. 368. Forshee. Preservation of documents by lamination. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Commerce. (National Bureau of Standards, monograph 5). 1959.


permeability

The rate at which a fluid (in either gaseous or liquid form) penetrates into a material. The rate may be a result of pressure differentials and/or capillary forces. Permeability is of considerable importance in both papermaking and printing.

British Federation of Master Printers. Preliminary technical course in printing. London. British Federation of Master Printers. 1967. 7 vol.


PERMITS (Excise.)

2 W. 4. c. 16. s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That the Commissioners of Excise shall cause to be provided Moulds or Frames for the making of Paper to be used in Great Britain and Ireland for Permits, which Paper shall have the Words “Excise Office,” with any other Letters, Figures, Marks, or Devices which the said Commissioners shall direct, visible in the Substance of such Paper, and shall also cause to be provided Plates engraved with such Marks, Stamps, and Devices as to them shall seem meet, and from Time to Time may alter or vary any such Plates, and may also cause to be provided Types cast in any particular Form for the printing, stamping, and marking the said Paper; and all Permits given by the respective Officers of Excise in the United Kingdom for the Removal or Conveyance of any Commodity for the Removal of which a Permit is by Law required shall be printed, stamped, and marked by the said Plate or Plates or Types on Paper so made as aforesaid; which said Paper shall be made and the said Plates engraven and Types cast by such Person or Persons as shall be for that Purpose from Time to Time authorized and appointed by the Commissioners of Excise under their Hands and Seals; and as well the said Paper as the said Plates so engraven and Types so cast shall be kept by such Officer or Officers or other Person as shall from Time to Time be appointed by the said Commissioners for keeping the same; and no Permit shall be printed, stamped, marked, or written, nor shall any Permit be granted, in any Part of the United Kingdom, by any Officer of Excise, but on Paper so provided as aforesaid.

s. 3. “And be it further enacted, That every Person who shall make, or cause or procure to be made, or shall aid or assist in the making, or shall knowingly have in his, her, or their Custody or Possession, not being authorized by the said Commissioners, and without lawful Excuse, the Proof whereof shall lie on the Person accused, any Mould or Frame or other Instrument having therein the Words “Excise Office,” or any other Words, Figures, Marks, or Devices peculiar to and appearing in the Substance of the Paper used by the said Commissioners for Permits, or with any or Part of such Words, Figures, Marks, or Devices, or any of them, intended to imitate or pass for the same; and every Person, except as before excepted, who shall make, or cause or procure to be made, or aid or assist in the making, any Paper in the Substance of which the Words “Excise Office,” or any other Words, Figures, Marks, or Devices peculiar to or appearing in the Substance of the Paper used by the Commissioners of Excise for Permits, or any Part of such Words, Figures, Marks or Devices, or any of them, intended to imitate and pass for the same, shall be visible; and every Person, except as before excepted, who shall knowingly have in his, her, or their Custody or Possession, without lawful Excuse, (the Proof whereof shall lie on the Person accused,) any Paper whatever in the Substance of which the Words “Excise Office,” or any other Words, Figures, Marks, or Devices peculiar to and appearing in the Substance of Paper used by the Commissioners of Excise for Permits, or any Part of such Words, Figures, Marks, or Devices, or any of them, intended to imitate and pass for the same, shall be visible; and every Person, except as before excepted, who shall, by any Art, Mystery, or Contrivance, cause or procure, or aid or assist in causing or procuring, the Words “Excise Office,” or any other Words, Figures, Marks, or Devices peculiar to and appearing in the Substance of the Paper used by the Commissioners of Excise for Permits, or any or Part of such Words, Figures, Marks, or Devices, or any of them, intended to imitate and pass for the same, to appear visible in the Substance of any Paper whatever; and every Person, not authorized or appointed as aforesaid, who shall engrave, cast, cut, or make, or cause or procure to be engraved, cast, cut, or made, or aid or assist in engraving, casting, cutting, or making, any Plate, Type, or other Thing in Imitation of or to resemble any Plate or Type made or used by the Direction of the Commissioners of Excise for the Purpose of marking or printing the Paper to be used for Permits; and every Person, except as before excepted, who shall knowingly have in his or her Custody or Possession, without lawful Excuse, Proof whereof shall lie on the Person accused, any such Plate or Type, shall for every such Offence be adjudged a Felon, and shall be transported for the Term of Seven Years, or shall be imprisoned, at the Discretion of the Court before whom such Person shall be tried, for any Period not less than Two Years.

s. 4. “And be it further enacted, That every Person who shall counterfeit or forge, or cause or procure to be counterfeited or forged, or assist in counterfeiting or forging, any Permit or any Part of any Permit, or shall counterfeit any Impression, Stamp or Mark, Figure or Device, provided or appointed or to be provided or appointed by the Commissioners of Excise to be put on such Permit, or shall utter, give, or make use of any counterfeited or forged Permit, knowing the same or any Part thereof to be counterfeited or forged, or shall utter, give, or make use of any Permit with any such counterfeited Impression, Stamp or Mark, Figure or Device, knowing the same to be counterfeited; or if any Person or Persons shall knowingly or willingly accept or receive any counterfeited or forged Permit, or any Permit with any such counterfeited Impression, Stamp or Mark, Figure or Device thereon, knowing the same to be counterfeited, shall, for every such Offence, be adjudged guilty of a Misdemeanor, and shall be transported for the Term of Seven Years, or fined and imprisoned, at the Discretion of the Court.”


Persian

A vegetable-tanned leather produced from sheepskins originating in the Indian Subcontinent, and tanned in India, mainly in the south, and especially around Madras. See also: E. 1.

British Standards Institution. British standard glossary of leather terms. B. S. 2780: 1956. London. British Standards Institution.


PERSIAN

The Persians write their characters from the right hand to the left. There are thirty-two Persian letters. The alphabet and following observations are in the Tâleek character.

The second and fourth columns of these letters from the right hand are used only when they are connected with a preceding letter. Every letter should be connected with that which follows it, except these seven; ا alif, د dal, ذ zal, ر ra, ز za, ژ zha, and و vau, which are never joined to the following letter.

The short vowels are expressed by small marks, two of which are placed above the letter, and one below it, as بَ ba or be, بِ be or bi, بُ bo or bu.

The mark ﹾ placed above a consonant shows that the syllable ends with it. The short vowels are very seldom written in the Persian books; and the other orthographical marks are likewise usually suppressed, except Mudda ۤ , Humzaٴ , and Tushdeed ﹼ; the two first of which are most common.

The most usual combination of letters are formed with خ ج چ ح, which have the singular property of causing all the preceding letters to rise above the line, as بخارا bokhára, نحچير nakhcheer, تصحيح tas-héeh. The letters that precede م m are also sometimes raised. Lam-alif لا is compounded of ل l and ا a.

The Arabic characters, like those of the Europeans, are written in a variety of different hands; but the most common of them are the Nuskhee, the Tâleek , or hanging, and the Shekesteh, or broken. Our books have hitherto been printed in the Nuskhee hand, and all Arabic manuscripts, as well as most Persian and Turkish histories, are written in it; but the Persians write their poetical works in the Tâleek, which answers to the most elegant of our Italic hands. As to the Shekesteh, it is very irregular and inelegant, and is chiefly used by the idle Indians, who will not take time to form their letters perfectly, or even to insert the diacritical points; but this hand, however difficult and barbarous, must be learned by all men of business in India, as the letters from the princes of the country are seldom written in any other manner.

Numbers.—The following are the most common of the Persian numbers:—

Niskhi.—This is the form of writing used by the Arabians, who invented the characters: as every Persian student should acquire a knowledge of the Arabic, it ought therefore to be learned. This hand is frequently employed by the Persians, and the history of Nader Shah was written in it. The Niskhi is the parent of the Tâleek, and of all the other hands in which the Arabic and Persian languages are now written.

Tâleek.—The Tâleek is the most beautiful hand writing used by the Persians. In the manuscripts written in the Tâleek hand, the strokes of the reed are extremely fine, and the initial letters ﺑ ﺗ ز are scarcely perceptible. As the Persians always write their lines of an equal length, they are obliged to place their words in a very irregular manner; if the line be too short, they lengthen it by a fine stroke of the reed; if too long, they write the words one above another. In the Persian poems the transcribers place both members of a couplet on the same line, and not the first above the second, as we do: a Persian would write the following verses in this order:

It must be confessed, that this irregularity in writing, joined to the confusion of the diacritical points, which are often placed at random, and sometimes omitted, makes it very difficult to read the Persian MSS., till the language becomes familiar to us; but this difficulty, like all others in the world, will be insensibly surmounted by the habit of industry and perseverance, without which no great design was ever accomplished.

Nustaleek.—The character called Nustaleek is compounded of the Niskhi and Tâleek. It differs, however, considerably from the graceful turns and beautiful flourishes of several of the manuscripts. The Nustaleek character may be as easily read by Europeans as the Niskhi.

Shekesteh.—In this inelegant hand all order and analogy are neglected; the points which distinguish ف from ق, خ from ج, and ب from ت, ث and پ, &c., are for the most part omitted, and these seven letters ادذرزژو are connected with those that follow them in a most irregular manner. This is, certainly, a considerable difficulty, which must be surmounted before the learner can translate an Indian letter.

The preceding remarks on the Persian characters are extracted from Sir William Jones’s Grammar of the Persian Language, 4to. 5th edition. London, 1801.

Persian in the British Founderies.

Paragon. V. and J. Figgins; cut under the direction of Sir William Ousley.

English. Caslon and Livermore.

The Persian Alphabet

Persian numbers


Persian calf

A vegetable-tanned leather closely resembling calfskin, at one time produced in Persia (Iran) from the skins of mountain sheep.

Reed, Ronald. Ancient skin, parchments and leathers. London. Seminar Press. 1972.


Persian morocco

Reputedly, a vegetable-tanned leather produced originally from goat skin and subsequently from the skins of various hair sheep. It is said to be tough and strong but lacking in permanence, supposedly because it is tanned from the condensed class of tannins. The leather is finished with a smooth grain surface in imitation of calfskin, which makes the expression "morocco" misleading.


Persian morocco

A kind of morocco leather much used in bookbinding. It may be finished by graining in several styles. It is mostly made in Germany, from the skins of hairy sheep called Persian goats, whence its name is derived.


Persian skiver

A thin grain-layer split of leather taken from a PERSIAN sheepskin.


petits fers

"Small irons." Small hand finishing tools.


petits fers

Small hand tools used in finishing, as distinguished from the stamps or blocks worked in a press.


pH

See: HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION.


phenol

A soluble, crystalline compound (C6H6O), that is acidic, forms metallic salts, and is readily halogenated, sulfonated, and nitrated. It is used in the manufacture of phenolic and epoxy resins, various dyes, and the like. Phenol, even in its purest form (ice crystals), has a tendency to turn a pinkish color. It is also used at times as a preservative in paste. In concentrated forms it must be carefully handled, as it can cause severe burns.


Philadelphia patent-back guard

A heavy cloth guard to which a folio of a large blankbook is sewn before being sewn to webbings. It is used mainly where the sewing must have greater flexibility than that afforded by sewing on webbings alone. It also contributes considerably to the strength of the sewing.


phloroglucinol

A sweet, crystalline phenol (C6H3(OH)3) used in conjunction with hydrochloric acid and alcohol as a test solution to detect the presence of mechanical wood pulp in paper, which it turns red. It has no advantage over the HERTZBERG STAIN other than that it can be applied directly to the paper.


photocopying paper

A base paper of superior quality that is coated with a fast light-sensitive emulsion for use in photocopying machines, and also for designs and layouts. The paper is produced from pulps ranging from 100% cotton fiber to 100% chemical wood pulps, the latter being generally of papermaking alpha grade. The pulp must be highly purified as all metallic residues must be removed. The paper is also given wet strength treatment to enable it to withstand the acids and alkalis and other photographic solutions used in photographic processes. Inertness to photographic sensitizing solutions is important, as are uniformity of color and surface. The base paper is finished with gelatin sizing so as to prevent the photographic emulsion coating from penetrating too deeply into the sheets.


photographic paper

Paper used as the base for various photosensitive systems which use silver halide crystals as the light sensitive receptors. It is a carefully made paper produced either from cotton fibers or highly purified chemical wood pulp. The paper must be free of all substances, especially chemicals, which might adversely affect later processing and it must also possess high wet strength so as to permit processing in both acid and alkaline solutions. Photographic paper ranges in thickness from 0.0025 to 0.015 inch.


PHRASES

Latin and French Words and Phrases, with their explanation in English.

Ab initio.—From the beginning.

Ab urbe condita.—From the building of the city; abridged A. U. C.

Ad arbitrium.—At pleasure.

Ad captandum.—To attract.

Ad captandum vulgus.—To ensnare the vulgar.

Ad eundem.—To the same.

Ad infinitum.—To infinity.

Ad interim.—In the meantime.

Ad libitum.—At pleasure.

Ad litem.—For the action (at law).

Ad referendum.—For consideration.

Ad valorem.—According to value.

Affaire de cœur.—A love affair; an amour.

A fin.—To the end.

À fortiori.—With stronger reason.

Aide-de-camp.—Assistant to a general.

A la bonne heure.—At an early hour; in the nick of time.

A-la-mode.—In the fashion.

Alias.—Otherwise.

Alibi.—Elsewhere; or, proof of having been elsewhere.

Alma mater (kind mother).—University.

A mensa et thoro.—From bed and board.

Amor patriæ.—The love of our country.

Anglicè.—In English.

Anno Domini.—In the year of our Lord; abr. A. D.

Anno mundi.—In the year of the world; abr. A. M.

À posteriori.—From a later reason, or from behind.

À priori.—From a prior reason.

À propos.—To the purpose; seasonably; or by-the-by.

Arcana.—Secrets.

Arcana imperii.—State secrets.

Arcanum.—Secret.

Argumentum ad fidem.—An appeal to our faith.

Argumentum ad hominem.—Personal argument.

Argumentum ad judicium.—An appeal to the common sense of mankind.

Argumentum ad passiones.—An appeal to the passions.

Argumentum ad populum.—An appeal to the people.

Argumentum baculinum.—Argument of blows.

Audi alteram partem.—Hear both sides.

Au fond.—To the bottom; or, main point.

Auri sacra fames.—The accursed thirst of gold.

Aut Cæsar aut nullus.—He will be Cæsar or nobody.

Auto-da-fé (Act of faith).—Burning of hereticks.

Bagatelle.—Trifle.

Beau monde (Gay world).—People of fashion.

Beaux esprits.—Men of wit.

Belles lettres.—Polite literature.

Billet doux.—Love letter.

Bon gré.—With a good grace.

Bon jour.—Good day.

Bon mot (A good word).—A witty saying.

Bon ton.—Fashion; high fashion.

Bonâ fide.—In good faith.

Boudoir.—A small private apartment.

Cacoethes carpendi.—A rage for collecting.

Cacoethes loquendi.—A rage for speaking.

Cacoethes scribendi.—Passion for writing.

Cæteris paribus.—Other circumstances being equal.

Caput mortuum (The dead head).—The worthless remains.

Carte blanche (A blank paper).—Unconditional terms; q. d. “There is a sheet of paper: write your own terms.”

Cessio bonorum.—Yielding up of goods.

Château.—Country seat.

Chef-d’œuvre.—Master piece.

Ci-devant.—Formerly.

Comme il faut.—As it should be.

Commune bonum.—A common good.

Communibus annis.—One year with another.

Compos mentis.—Of a sound and composed mind.

Con amore.—Gladly; with love.

Congé d’élire.—Permission to choose, or elect.

Contra.—Against.

Contra bonos mores.—Against good manners or morals.

Coup de grace.—Finishing stroke (Literally the blow of favour; because the bones having been broken separately on the rack, the last blow, which killed the man, was an act of grace to him).

Coup de main.—Sudden enterprize.

Coup d’œil.—View or glance.

Credat Judæus.—A Jew may believe it (but I will not).

Cui bono?—To what good will it tend?

Cui malo?—To what evil will it tend?

Cum multis aliis.—With many others.

Cum privilegio.—With privilege.

Curia advisari vult.—Court wishes to be advised; abr. cur. adv. vult.

Currente calamo.—With a running quill.

Custos rotulorum.—Keeper of the rolls.

Datum.—Point granted.

Debut.—Beginning.

De die in diem.—From day to day.

Dedimus potestatem.—We have given power.

De facto.—In fact.

Dei gratia.—By the grace, or favour, of God.

De jure.—By right.

De mortuis nil nisi bonum.—Of the dead let nothing be said but what is favourable.

De novo.—Anew.

Dénouement (Unravelling).—Finishing, or winding up.

Deo volente.—God willing.

Dépôt.—Store, or magazine.

Dernier ressort.—Last resort or resource.

Desideratum.—A thing desired.

Desunt cætera.—The other things are wanting.

Dieu et mon droit.—God and my right.

Domine dirige nos.—O Lord direct us.

Double entendre.—Double meaning.

Douceur.—Present, or bribe.

Dramatis personæ.—Characters of the drama.

Durante bene placito.—During pleasure.

Durante vita.—During life.

Ecce homo.—Behold the man.

Eclaircissement.—Explanation; clearing up.

Eclat.—Splendour.

Elève.—Pupil.

Embonpoint.—Jolly; in good case.

En flute.—Carrying guns on the upper deck only.

En masse.—In a mass; in a body.

En passant.—By the way; in passing.

Ennui.—Tiresomeness.

Entrée.—Entrance.

Ergo.—Therefore.

Errata.—Errors.

Esto perpetua.—May it last for ever.

Et cætera.—And the rest.

Ex.—Late; as the ex-minister means the late minister.

Ex cathedra (From the chair). Instructions given from a chair of authority.

Ex nihilo nihil fit.—“Nothing can come of nothing.”—King Lear.

Ex officio.—Officially, or by virtue of an office.

Ex parte.—On the part of, or one side.

Excerpta.—Extracts.

Exempli gratia.—As for example; abr. ex. gr., e. g.

Experto crede.—Believe one who has experience to justify his opinion.

Extempore.—Out of hand; without premeditation.

Fac simile.—Exact copy or resemblance.

Fata obstant.—The fates oppose it.

Faux pas.—Fault, or misconduct.

Felo de se (The felon of himself).—Self murderer.

Festina lente.—Hasten slowly. “Wisely and slow: they stumble that run fast.”—Friar in Romeo and Juliet.

Fête.—A feast or entertainment.

Fiat.—Let it be done, or made.

Finis.—End.

Finis coronat opus.—The end crowns the work.

Flagrante bello.—Whilst the war is raging.

Furor loquendi.—An eagerness for speaking.

Furor scribendi.—An eagerness for writing.

Genus irritabile.—The irritable tribe of poets.

Gratis.—For nothing.

Hauteur.—Haughtiness.

Hic et ubique.—Here and there and every where.

Honi soit qui mal y pense.—May evil happen to him who evil thinks of it.

Hora fugit.—The hour, or time, flies.

Humanum est errare.—It is the lot of humanity to err.

Ibidem.—In the same place; abr. ibid., ib.

Ich dien.—I serve.

Id est.—That is; abr. i. e.

Idem.—The same.

Imperium in imperio.—A government existing in another government.

Imprimatur.—Let it be printed.

Imprimis.—In the first place.

Impromptu.—In readiness.

In cœlo quies.—There is rest in heaven.

In commendam.—For a time; in trust.

In duplo.—Twice as much.

In forma pauperis.—As a pauper, or poor person.

In loco.—In the place.

In petto (in the bosom).—Hid, or in reserve.

In propria persona.—In his own person.

In statu quo.—In the same state or condition in which it was.

In terrorem (In terror).—As a warning.

In terrorem populi.—In terror to the people.

In toto.—Altogether.

In transitu.—On the passage.

In vino veritas.—There is truth in wine.

Incognito.—Disguised, or unknown.

Inter nos.—Between ourselves.

Innuendo.—By signifying.

Ipse dixit (Himself said it).—Mere assertion.

Ipso facto.—By the mere fact.

Ipso jure.—By the law itself.

Item.—Also, or article.

Je ne sais quoi.—I know not what.

Jeu de mots.—Play upon words.

Jeu d’esprit.—Play of wit; a witticism.

Jure divino.—By divine right.

Jure humano.—By human law.

Jus gentium.—The law of nations.

Labor omnia vincit.—Labour overcomes every thing.

L’argent.—Money, or silver.

Lex magna est, et prævalebit.—The law is great, and will prevail.

Lex talionis.—The law of retaliation.

Licentia vatum.—A poetical license.

Linguæ lapsus.—A slip of the tongue.

Locum tenens.—One who supplies the place of another; a substitute; a deputy.

Magna charta.—The great charter of England.

Magna est veritas et prævalebit.—The truth is most powerful; and will ultimately prevail.

Mal à propos.—Unseasonable, or unseasonably.

Malâ fide.—In bad faith.

Malgré.—With an ill grace.

Manu forti.—With a strong hand.

Mauvaise honte.—Unbecoming bashfulness.

Meditatione fugæ.—In contemplation of flight.

Memento mori.—Remember that thou must die.

Memorabilia.—Things to be remembered; matters deserving of record.

Meum et tuum.—Mine and thine.

Minutiæ.—Trifles.

Mirabile dictu.—Wonderful to tell.

Multum in parvo.—Much in a small space.

Mutatis mutandis.—After making the necessary changes.

Ne plus ultra.—No farther, or greatest extent.

Ne quid nimis.—Too much of one thing is good for nothing.

Necessitas non habet legem.—Necessity has no law.

Nemine contradicente.—Unanimously, no one disagreeing; abr. nem. con.

Nemine dissentiente.—Unanimously, or without a dissenting voice; abr. nem. dis.

Nemo me impune lacesset.—Nobody shall provoke me with impunity.

Nisi Dominus frustra.—Unless the Lord be with us, all efforts are in vain.

Nolens volens.—Willing or unwilling.

Nom de guerre.—Assumed name.

Non compos, or Non compos mentis.— Out of one’s senses.

Non est inventus.—Not found.

Nonchalance.—Indifference.

Nota bene.—Mark well.

Nunc pro tunc.—Now for then.

O tempora, O mores.—O the times, O the manners.

Omnes.—All.

Onus.—Burden.

Onus probandi.—Burden of proof.

Ore tenus.—From the mouth; by word of mouth.

Outré.—Preposterous.

Pari passu.—With an equal pace.

Passim.—Everywhere.

Pax in bello.—Peace in war.

Peccavi.—I have sinned.

Pendente lite.—While the action (at law) is pending, or while it is going on.

Per curiam.—By the court.

Per se.—Alone, or by itself.

Perdue.—Concealed.

Petit maître (Little master).—Fop.

Posse comitatus.—The power of the county.

Pour autre vie.—For the life of another.

Prima facie.—On the first face; at first view; at first sight.

Primum mobile.—The prime mover.

Principiis obsta.—Resist the first innovations.

Pro aris et focîs.—For our altars and our hearths.

Pro bono publico.—For the public good.

Pro et con.—For and against.

Pro forma.—For form’s sake.

Pro hac vice.—For this time.

Pro loco et tempore.—For the place and time.

Pro rege, lege, et grege.—For the king, the constitution, and the people.

Pro re natâ.—For the occasion.

Pro tanto.—For so much.

Pro tempore.—For the time, or for a time.

Protégé.—A person patronised and protected.

Quamdiu se bene gesserit.—As long as he shall have behaved well.

Quantum.—The due proportion.

Quantum meruit.—As much as he deserves.

Quare impedit (Why he hinders).—A law term, and means the writ which a person disturbed.

Quasi dicas.—As though thou shouldst say; abr. q. d.

Quid pro quo.—A mutual consideration.

Quid nunc?—What now?

Quis separabit.—Who shall separate us?

Quo animo.—The intention with which.

Quoad.—As to; as far as.

Quo jure?—By what right?

Quondam.—Formerly.

Re infectâ.—The business not being done.

Regina.—Queen.

Requiescat in pace.—May he (or she) rest in peace.

Res publica.—The common weal.

Resurgam.—I shall rise again.

Rex.—King.

Rouge.—Red, or red paint.

Rus in urbe.—The country in town.

Sang froid (Cold blood).—Coolness.

Sans.—Without.

Savant.—A learned man.

Scandalum Magnatum.—Scandal, or scandalous expressions, against the nobility; abr. scand. mag.

Semper eadem.—Always the same.

Senatus consultum.—A decree of the senate.

Seriatim.—In regular order.

Simplex munditiis.—Simply elegant; free from gaudy ornament.

Sine die.—Without mentioning any particular day.

Sine qua non (Without which, not).—Indispensable requisite, or condition.

Soi-disant (Self-styling).—Pretended.

Spectas et tu spectabere.—You see and you will be seen.

Status quo.—The state in which it was.

Sub pœna.—Under a penalty.

Sui generis.—Singular; unparalleled; of its own kind.

Summum bonum.—Greatest good.

Supra.—Above.

Suum cuique.—Let each man have his own.

Tapis.—Carpet.

Tête-à-tête.—Face to face, or private conversation of two persons.

Toties quoties.—As often as.

Trait.—Feature.

Tria juncta in uno.—Three joined in one.

Ultimus.—The last.

Un bel esprit.—A wit; a virtuoso.

Una voce.—Unanimously.

Unique.—Singular.

Uti possedetis.—As ye possess, or present possession.

Utile dulci.—Utility with pleasure.

Vade mecum (Go with me).—Constant companion.

Vale.—Farewell.

Valet-de-chambre.—A servant who assists his master in dressing.

Veluti in speculum.—As in a looking-glass.

Verbatim.—Word for word.

Versus.—Against.

Veto.—I forbid.

Vi et armis.—By force and arms.

Via.—By the way of.

Vice.—In the room of.

Vice versa.—The terms being exchanged; the reverse.

Vide.—See.

Vide ut supra.—See as above.

Vis poetica.—Poetic genius.

Viva voce.—By the living voice.

Vivant rex et regina.—Long live the king and queen.

Vive la bagatelle.—Success to trifles.

Vive le roi.—Long live the king.

Vox et præterea nihil.—A voice and nothing more.

Vox populi.—The voice of the people.

Vulgo.—Commonly.


Pi

Type promiscuously intermingled.


PICA

The name of a type, one size larger than Small Pica, and one smaller than English. In Moxon’s time seventy-five Pica bodies measured a foot. All the sizes of types larger than Canon, are named from the number of Pica bodies contained in their depth, as Four Line Pica, Five Line Pica, and so on indefinitely. Leads or space lines are also cast to proportionate parts of Pica, as four to Pica, six to Pica, &c.


pick

1. Paper pulp or fibers which adhere to the wet or dry sections of the papermaking machine. See also: PICKING. 2. A particle of hardened ink, dirt, or paper, or a piece of composition roller, embedded in the hollow of printing type, filling up its face and causing a dark spot to appear on the printed sheet. 3. A small particle of metal on an electrotype or stereotype plate, caused by a slight defect in the mold, and resulting in a spot or blot on the printed sheet. 4. A white spot on the printed surface of a sheet, and caused by ink adhering to the form and pulling a particle from the surface of the paper. 5. The condition in an adhesive which causes it to transfer unevenly from an adhesive applicator due to high surface tack.


pick

A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face and occasioning a spot.


PICK BRUSH

A hard brush with rather fine hairs; it is used to brush picks or dirt out of a form, when working, and each press is generally supplied with one.


pick strength

See: BONDING STRENGTH.


PICKER

A fine pointed bodkin, or a needle, with which to take picks out of a form.


picking

A lifting of the coating of a paper, or even the paper fibers themselves, from the surface of a sheet. It generally occurs during printing and is caused when the lifting stress resulting from tackiness of the ink exceeds the strength of the paper or its coating. The defect itself does not register from sheet to sheet, but its effect may be seen on succeeding sheets. Picking can usually be overcome by reducing the viscosity of the ink and/or running the press at a lower speed.

Sutermeister, Edwin. Chemistry of pulp and pa per making. 3rd ed. New York. Wiley. 1941.


pickling

The process in leather manufacture of bringing hides and skins into a condition of equilibrium in preparation for tannage. Pickling, which is a process developed specifically for use in modern chrome tannages, takes place following LIMING, UNHAIRING, and DELIMING (and BATING), and is used particularly in the case of sheepskins. The skins are de-wooled (the wool being more valuable than the skins) and are then pickled, drained and packed, ready for transportation to the tannery. Pickling takes place in a solution of 12% salt and 1.2% sulfuric acid (previously diluted with water). The salt solution should remain above 10% and the acid above 0.8%. Furthermore, if the proportion of salt to acid is incorrect the skins may be damaged; consequently, both must be carefully controlled. Pickled skins also must not be allowed to become dry, as drying may cause the acid to weaken the skin structure, and the crystallization of salt on, or in, the grain may lead to SALT SPROUT.

The salt serves to preserve the skin, just as in the case of salting for the purpose of curing, while the acidity, if below a pH of 2.0, inhibits nearly all known putrefying bacteria. The treated skins, therefore, may be stored for several months, provided they are kept cool; however, at temperatures above 32° C., the acidity may cause damage to the skins. Pickling, while stopping bacterial damage, does not stop the formation of molds, which favor pH values of less than 5.0, and which can cause green, black, or white discolorations, as well as a loss of gloss or face on the finished leather. This is due to their attack on the grain structure, and often manifests itself in uneven dyeing. Mold growth can be prevented by the use of fungicides added to the pickle liquor in a concentration of about 0.001% of the weight of the liquor. A typical pickle fungicide is paranitrophenol.

O'Flaherty, Fred, and others, eds. The chemistry and technology of leather. New York. Reinhold. (American Chemical Society monograph series, no. 134. 1956-65. 4 vol.


PICKS

When either pieces of the skin or film that grows on ink with standing by, or any dirt, get into the hollows of the face of the letter, that film or dirt will fill or choke up the face of the letter, and print black; and is called a pick, because the pressman with the point of a needle picks it out.—M.


pictorial bindings

Wrappered bindings with pictorial decorations, generally executed in one color, and usually on a black or colored background. Gilt pictorial decoration on the spines of publishers' cloth bindings was common in the late 1830s and the 1840s. A similar technique was used on cloth, and although glazed pictorial cloth bindings were never as common as those boarded or wrappered, they were used occasionally until the end of the 19th century.

Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.


pictorial calf bindings

Bookbindings produced in the early 19th century, executed by painting the leather a brown or black color, generally by means of acid, or by transferring a decoration to the leather from copperplate prints. See also: PAINTED BINDINGS.


PIE

When a page is broken, those broken letters are called pie. See Broken Letters.—M. We now call it Pie when the letters are all mixed indiscriminately together.

It is equally the interest of the employer and the workman to prevent the accumulation of pie in a printing office, for it swallows up useful sorts, to the delay, loss, and disappointment of both parties; and if a strict method be not enforced to prevent its increase, a master may be continually casting sorts; and at last it becomes an Herculean task to clear it away. No receptacle for it should ever be accessible to the workmen; and no types should ever be put into the waste metal box but by the person who has the care of the materials, that he may be enabled to prevent any abuse of this kind; for it is too common a practice, both for boys and men, when an accident happens, to throw a great part of the pie into the waste metal box, to save themselves the trouble of distributing it.


pieced

1. Any space on the cover of a book which has a piece of another material attached to it. The term is most often applied to leather used for labels and titles. Also called "titled." 2. A book cover made up of several different parts or pieces of different materials. 3. The process in fine binding of joining two smaller pieces of the same leather to make a full cover by using pieces which individually are not large enough to cover the book.

American Library Association. Editorial Committee. Subcommittee on library terminology. A. L. A. glossary of library terms, with a selection of terms in related fields. Compiled by Elizabeth H. Thompson. Chicago. American Library Association. 1943.

Bailey, Arthur Low. Library bookbinding. New York. Wilson. 1916.

Coutts, Henry T., and George A. Stephen. Manual of library bookbinding; practical and historical. London. Libraco. 1911.


pieced

When the space between bands, upon which the lettering is placed, has a piece of leather upon it different from the back, it is said to be pieced or titled.


pieced

Any space that has another leather upon it, as a lettering piece.


pieced

When the space between bands, where lettering or title is placed, has fastened to it a piece of leather different from the back, it is said to be pieced or titled.


PIG

Pressmen are called pigs by compositors, sometimes by way of sport, and sometimes by way of irritation; in the same way the press room is called a pigstye. When the compositors wish to teaze them, they will grunt when a pressman goes into the composing room; but they rarely venture to do this in the press room. In Moxon’s time they were called Horses. See Ancient Customs.


PIG

An ancient nickname given in derision by compositors to pressmen. The press-room was called a pigsty.


PIGEON HOLES

Wide whites between words, are by compositors (in way of scandal) called pigeon-holes, and are by none accounted good workmanship, unless in cases of necessity.—M. Cases of necessity do not make them good workmanship; and the only instances in which they are tolerated are when a page is small, and the type is large in proportion to it, and in columns of table work. In marginal notes they are avoided, by not of necessity spacing every line full out.


pigment

A natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic substance that imparts color, as well as black and white, and is used in the manufacture of paint, printing inks, etc. A pigment is insoluble in its liquid medium, and imparts its coloring effect simply by spreading over the surface to which it is applied. A pigment produced by precipitating a dye on a colorless, or inert, base, thus rendering the dye insoluble, is called a LAKE, while a synthetic organic compound that is insoluble and can be used directly as a pigment is called a "toner."

Pigments are generally classified according to their origin. Those produced by processing colored earths are referred to as EARTH COLORS, while those produced by chemical processes from inorganic raw materials that are not in themselves coloring matter are called artificial inorganic pigments. The finest grades of earth colors occur in specific areas, e.g., French yellow ochre, Italian raw and burnt sienna, etc. Early pigments included the native earths, e.g., red iron oxides and yellow ochre, as well as manufactured pigments, such as crimson lake, lampblack, and white lead.

Pigments should be chemically inert, so as not to react in an undesirable manner with other pigments or liquids with which they may be mixed, and they should also be lightfast and not fade or darken when exposed to typical indoor lighting, such as indirect sunlight, artificial light of normal intensity, and controlled temperature and humidity variations. All pigments of very high quality will endure indefinitely under proper conditions, although some may undergo loss of color if exposed to direct sunlight. Cf: DYE.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

Kingzett, Charles Thomas. Kingzett's chemical encyclopedia; a digest of chemistry & its industrial applications. Ed. by D. H. Hey, and others. 9th ed. London. Baillière, Tindell and Cassell. 1966.

Mayer, Ralph. A dictionary of art terms and techniques. New York. Crowell. 1969.


pigment leather

A leather finished with materials containing opaque pigments which obscure the grain pattern, including any defects it may have. When a leather is buffed very deeply in order to remove grain defects, it is often necessary to apply large amounts of pigment in the finish to obtain a uniform appearance. An increase in the amount of pigment used requires an increase in the amount of binding material used, so as to prevent the pigment from chalking and flaking off. See also: ANILINE LEATHER,

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


pigment properties

The characteristics or attributes of a pigment in addition to its color properties, and used in evaluating or describing it.


pigskin

A leather produced from the skin of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa). For use in bookbinding, it is vegetable tanned (or alum tawed). Pigskin has the characteristic grain pattern produced by the hair follicles, which are arranged in (roughly) triangular groups of three. The nature of pigskin is such that the holes remaining following removal of the bristles can be seen on the flesh side as well as the grain side. Pigskin is a tough and durable leather (and is even more durable perhaps when alum tawed) but is somewhat stiff and intractable. In addition, it does not tool readily, except in blind, although very fine bindings tooled in both blind and gold have been produced. It is a rugged leather best used on large books which can more readily emphasize its rugged characteristics. Pigskin was used extensively as a bookbinding leather in Germany from about 1550 to 1640, usually on books having wooden boards.

The term "pigskin" does not apply to leather produced from the FLESH SPLIT (1) of a pigskin.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.

Waterer, John William. A guide to the conservation and restoration of objects made wholly or in part of leather. 2nd ed. London. Bell. 1973.


pigskin

Leather made of pigskin. It is very tough and if constantly handled wears well.


PILE OF BOOKS

When a work is finished at the press, it is gathered, collated, folded, and put into books, pressed, and then piled up in some convenient part of the warehouse, in readiness for delivery.

The piles are erected as a stone mason would build, in layers of four, five, six, or more books to each layer, according to the number printed, and the convenience in the warehouse; the books forming these layers are turned back and fore edge alternately, so that a single copy can be readily got, and in removing them they are less liable to get confused; the upper layer should always be laid in a different order from that below it, so that the book should invariably cross a joining of that under it; and when the pile is high, I would recommend some wrappers to be placed occasionally between the layers, they prevent the sides bulging out, and make the pile firm. It is necessary to wrap up each parcel of the bottom layer in brown paper or wrappers, to preserve the edges and backs of the books clean. For the protection of this bottom layer, the pile should be erected on a stage, or, in default of that, some wrappers and waste paper should be spread on the floor upon which to place it; for the pile should never be raised without something interposed between the books and the floor.


PILE OF PAPER

is made similar to a pile of books; but, as the paper always comes in to a printing office cased in wrappers, the precautions used in keeping a pile of books clean are not necessary. The number of bundles in the foundation will be determined by the quantity received. The warehouseman should invariably mark the wrapper of each bundle with the name of the work it is intended for, before it is piled away.


PILE OF PRINTED PAPER

During the progress of printing a work, the sheets are, after being dried, placed in piles, generally resting against a wall of the building.

When the sheets are taken down dry from the poles, they are knocked up even, and piled against a wall generally, upon a stage to keep the bottom of the pile out of the way of harm, or, in want of a stage, upon some wrappers and waste paper to keep the bottom sheets from the floor, one wrapper always placed so as to project and turn over about a ream of paper, and turned into the heap, to preserve the edges clean, the first signature being always at the bottom, and the following ones piled in consecutive order upon it; between each signature a label is inserted in front, with the name of the work and the signature. What are called tops are placed on the pile, and some waste paper, to preserve the top sheets from dust and other matters that might soil them. It is usual to place the bottom a few inches from, and to gradually incline it to, the wall, so that the upper part may rest against it: this causes the pile to stand firmer than it would do if piled perpendicularly.


pile-up

The volume of leather per unit weight, i.e., the number of square feet of leather 1/6 inch (8 iron, or approximately 10.67 ounces) thick per 100 pounds of leather of 12% moisture, or 115.5 divided by the apparent specific gravity of the leather of 12% moisture.


piling

See: CESSING.


pin grain

A small pebbled grain pattern in a leather, characteristic of such leather as MOROCCO.


pin seal

1. A leather produced from the skin of a baby or very young seal. It has a much finer grain and a more lustrous finish than the usual sealskin. 2. A very small, fine-grained leather effect resembling the natural grain of a young seal.

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


pineapple

A decorative ornament cut to look something like a pineapple, and used in the same position as a FLEURON. See also: TWISTED PINEAPPLE,

Oldham, James Basil. English blind-stamped bindings. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1952.


pinhead morocco

A MOROCCO of the hard-grained type, but with a grain pattern smaller and less distinct than that of the morocco commonly referred to as hard-grained. As genuine morocco leather always has this "hard-grained" surface, the so-called pinhead morocco is a misnomer.


pinhead style

A style of decoration executed by means of a stamp cut with fine dotted lines on its face. The fine curved or spiral lines are broken into a series of small dots and are arranged to form a web or network over the entire cover or around a central panel surrounding a coat of arms. This style came into existence in France in the later years of the reign of Louis XIII. In this type of ornamentation there were faint traces of baroque ornaments. The dotted stamps were also used on the spines of books and inside the covers when doublures were used. See also: POINTILLÉ (1).

Dahl, Svend. History of the book. 2nd English ed. Metuchen, N.J. Scarecrow. 1968.


pinholes

1. Defects in paper appearing as small punctures which are caused by fine particles of alum, clay, sand, etc., being crushed and falling out 1. when the paper is calendered. Very hard grit may also be imbedded in the steel rolls of the calender itself and produce pinholes at each revolution. 2. Large pores in a thin paper where fine fibrous material or fillers fail to fill the voids between larger fibers. 3. Minute almost imperceptible pits in the surface of a coated paper. 4. Very small transparent dots which appear in a lithographic paper after development and which, unless covered by an opaque medium, may affect printing. 5. Very small holes in a fabric. 6. Small punctures found in the untrimmed margins of printed books and caused by the pins attached to the tympan used in obtaining perfect registration of inner and outer forms. They are usually not seen in folios because they are in the fold, unless, as in some very early books, there are two pairs of pins, in which case they will be seen in the center of the top and bottom margins of each leaf. In quartos they will be in or very near the crease of the head BOLT, and evidence of them can often be found even if the bolt has been opened. In octavos they appear in the lower fore edge margins of the first four or last four leaves of each GATHERING (2) and are also discernible even if the bolt has been opened. See also: POINT (5, 6).


pipey leather

A leather having a grain surface that forms coarse, sharp, and loose wrinkles when it is bent grain surface inward. It is a defect caused by the action of bacteria on the grain surface of the hide or skin. See also: PIPING (1).


piping

1. A defect in leather appearing as a double-skin effect when the leather is bent or flexed, and resulting from the grain layer of the leather separating from the corium. It is caused by excessive staking during manufacture or by too great pressure during burnishing. Sheepskin, because of the excessive fatty tissue in the interior of the skin (especially in older animals). is particularly affected. 2. A type of crease or ribbing in paper caused by irregular tension in reeling, by moisture, or because the paper was wound too tightly after sizing.

British Paper and Board Makers' Association. Paper making; a general account of its history, processes and applications. Rev. ed. London. British Paper and Board Makers' Association. 1965.

Reed, Ronald. Ancient skin, parchments and leathers. London. Seminar Press. 1972.


plain binding

A style of binding executed in Colonial America and characterized by the use of sheepskin and calfskin decorated sparsely in blind. This austere and rugged "style" of binding certainly accounted for the largest number of books bound in Colonial America. A limited number of plain vellum and half sheep bindings with leather corners and marbled paper sides were also produced.

Diehl, Edith. Bookbinding; its background and technique. New York. Rinehart. 1946. 2 vol.

Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut Emile. Bookbinding in America; three essays. Portland, Maine. Southworth-Anthoensen. 1941. 201.


plain edges

See: WHITE EDGES,


plain finishing

A book decorated entirely with a single or double fillet border in gilt on the covers, and only the author and title lettered on the spine.


plain gilt

The edges of a book that are gilded with no color, marbling, or pictorial images under the gold, and no tooling or gauffering following gilding.

Harrison, T. The bookbinding craft and industry; an outline of its history, development, and technique. London. Pitman. 1926.

Zaehnsdorf, Joseph William. The art of bookbinding…London. Bell. 1890.


plain-finished fabric

A finished fabric which has been given no surface design, such as embossing, graining, etc.

U.S. National Bureau of Standards. Fabrics for book covers. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. (Product Standard PS 9-68). 1968.


plaited headband

See illustration</> A HEADBAND consisting of strips of skin, usually alum-tawed and stained pink. The plaited headband, while rare in English fine bindings, is common in German examples of the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It represents the strongest type of headband ever constructed. Two thongs were plaited around a former of rolled vellum which was already sewn to the text block. In addition, the thongs were threaded through holes made in the leather at the head of the spine where it was cut off instead of being turned in. The closely formed and set appearance of these headbands indicate that the thongs were worked while wet.


PLANE DOWN

To make the face of all the types in a form even, by passing the face of the planer over them, and striking the back of it with a mallet.

When the quoins are pushed up with the fingers, previous to locking the form up, I would plane it down gently, striking the back of the planer with the side of my doubled hand, lifting the planer a little up each time it is advanced; after the quoins are tightened round the form, I would plane it down again gently with the mallet; and finally with firmer blows after it is locked up; always lifting the planer clear of the form at every advance that is made with it; if any thing be under the form, it will be perceived when you plane down with the hand; that part should be omitted being struck upon; and when the form is locked up it ought to be lifted, the substance that is under it taken away, the form then laid down again, the quoins of that quarter slackened, and planed down: but types that stand up from any cause should never be planed down while tightly locked up, as it is almost a certainty that they will be destroyed.


PLANER

A piece of beech wood, planed smooth and even on the face, to plane the types in a form down with, by striking it on the top with a mallet, to prevent any of them from standing up. It is usually made 9 inches long, 4¼ broad, out of 2 inch stuff, a little thicker in the crown, and the edges hollowed the long way, to facilitate the lifting of it about.


PLANER

A smooth block of wood used for levelling the surface of pages of type when imposed.


PLANETS

The names of seven planets are used in some instances for the seven days of the week, in the following manner:—

The Sun, Dies Solis, is Sunday.

The Moon, Dies Lunæ, is Monday.

Mars, Dies Martis, is Tuesday.

Mercury, Dies Mercurii, is Wednesday.

Jupiter, Dies Jovis, is Thursday.

Venus, Dies Veneris, is Friday.

Saturn, Dies Saturni, is Saturday.

In the Journals of the House of Lords, they use the term Dies Sabbati for Saturday, that day being the original Sabbath. See Astronomical Characters.


Planing down

To bring down types evenly on their feet, by laying a planer on the page and striking it firmly with a mallet.


PLANK

That part of a wooden press which forms the bottom of the coffin; it projects beyond the coffin where the tympan joints are placed, upon which part the gallows sockets are fixed; on the bottom the cramp irons; and to each end the girths, wherewith to run the carriage in and out.


plant wax

A WAX obtained from various plants, including Rhus verniciflua, as well as species of Euphorbiacea, which is frequently included in leather dressings. Plant waxes are cheaper and generally more easily available than many of the organic waxes, and are said to be useful in providing body to the dressing at a slightly higher softening temperature. In addition, unlike the animal waxes, they are more resistant to rancidity, and they also emulsify well with water. See also: CANDELILLA WAX; CARNAUBA WAX; JAPAN WAX,


plaquette

A small tablet of metal having a design in relief and cast from a wax mold. The principle was adopted in France during the 15th and 16th centuries as a center decoration for book covers. Hand-painted specimens are to be found on books hound for Jean Grolier, the plaquette being impressed in gesso, painted, and then fitted into the upper board. S(e also: CAMEO BINDINGS.

Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. The history of bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Compiled by Dorothy Miner. Baltimore. Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery. 1957.


plastic jacket

A removable plastic cover or sleeve designed to protect books expected to receive hard use. It is often used on school books.


plastic welding

The process of sealing two or more layers of material by means of the introduction of a high frequency voltage field between two electrodes. The electrodes conduct the high frequency current through the material and also bring the surfaces in close contact, thus ensuring an efficient weld. When power is applied, the agitation of the molecules within the plastic causes a rapid rise in temperature until the softening point is reached, whereupon the plastic sheets fuse along the seam of the electrodes. Because the line of fusing must be outside the area of the document being sealed, it is necessary to cut the plastic sheets somewhat larger than the document.

Practical printing and binding; Odhams complete guide to the printer's craft, edited by Harry Whetton. 3rd ed. London. Odhams Books. 1965.


plasticity

That property of a material, such as an adhesive, which permits continuous and permanent deformation without failure upon the application of a force which exceeds the yield value of the material.

Skeist, Irving. Handbook of adhesives. New York. Reinhold. 1962.


plasticized cover material

A transparent film laminated to a decorative cover paper. A heavy cartridge paper is generally used as the base paper to avoid the possibility of the paper splitting after the book has been in use for some time. Some library binders laminate the jacket of a book and incorporate it in the cover of the case.

Gazurian, Johnny A. The advertising & graphic arts glossary. Los Angeles. Los Angeles Trade-Technical College. 1966.