LEADS

Thin strips of metal cast of various thicknesses, quadrate-high, to separate lines of type.


leaf

1. One of the units resulting from folding a sheet of paper, vellum, etc., into a section (signature). A leaf consists of two pages, one on each side, either or both of which may be blank, or may bear printing, writing, or illustrative matter. Blank leaves generally are not numbered. 2. A newly formed sheet of handmade paper before it is dried and finished. It is more appropriately called a WATERLEAF (3). 3. See: ALUMINUM LEAF; DUTCH GOLD; GOLD LEAF; PALLADIUM LEAF; PLATINUM LEAF;

SILVER LEAF

Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology

US Government publication (Library of Congress), published openly in electronic edition by CoOL. Not a Gutenberg/pre-1930 public-domain text -- verify rights before reprinting rather than quoting.

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.

Melcher, Daniel, and Nancy Larrick. Printing and promotion handbook …3rd ed. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1966.


leafcasting

A system by which archival papers can be repaired by mechanical means rather than manually. The principal of the method is similar to that of papermaking itself: paper pulp in a water suspension is pulled through areas of loss in a document so as to fill the lacunae with freshly cast paper. Varying combinations of fibers are mixed in amounts proportionate to the missing areas in the leaf to be repaired, and gravity or vacuum pressure pulls the paper slurry through the leaf to be repaired as it lies on a mesh support in the leafcaster. The new fibers settle only in the areas of loss.

For certain kinds of materials. particularly those of large format, e.g., newspapers and maps, leafcasting is a much more efficient and economical method of repair than the traditional manual methods. Its use can also strengthen the entire leaf, as leafcasting not only fills in the holes but also fills cracks, joins fragments, repairs margins and may also be used to provide linings. In contrast to hand repairs, these procedures have the additional advantage of requiring little or no use of adhesives.


leaflet

In a restricted sense, a publication consisting of.two to four pages printed on a small sheet folded once, but not stitched or bound. In a broader sense, a small thin pamphlet.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


Lean

Close and solid matter.

The American Printer: A Manual of Typography

Public domain (Project Gutenberg, pre-1930 text)


LEAN FACE

A letter whose stems and other strokes have not their full width.—M. As now understood, a letter of slender proportions compared to its height.—See Types.


leather

See illustration</> The outer covering from an animal (usually a mammal) tanned, or otherwise dressed and prepared in such a manner as to render it usable and resistant to putrefaction, even when wet. Leather is a unique and flexible sheet material that is somewhat analogous to textiles, and may in fact be considered to be the first and only natural fabric.

The unique characteristics of leather are due largely to its structure, which is an interwoven, three-dimensional network of fibers inherent in the natural raw materials—hides and skins. This raw material is principally a fibrous protein called collagen and is composed of one continuous network of fibers.

In the raw skin, at least four distinct structures can be distinguished: 1) the thin outermost layer termed the EPIDERMIS; 2) the grain layer or dermal surface; 3) the juncture between the grain layer and the dermis or corium; and 4) the major portion of the skin (the DERMIS or corium), which is the part converted into leather. In addition, there is the flesh layer, or hypodermis, which is the structure adjacent to the body tissues.

Before tannage, the approximate composition of a freshly flayed hide is:

Water                               64  %

Protein                             33  %

Fats                                 2  %

Mineral salts                        0.5%

Other substances (pigments, etc.)    0.5%

The 33% which is protein consists of:

1) Structural proteins, or

Elastin (yellow fiber woven in

the collagen fiber)                      0.3%

Collagen (which tans to give

leather)                                29  %

Keratin (protein of the hair

and epidermis)                            2 %

2) Non-structural proteins, or

Albumens or globulins

(soluble, non-fibrous proteins)           1 %

Mucins or mucoids (mucous

materials associated with

fibers)                                   .7%

While all mammalian skin is made up of these constituents, the figure for keratin will vary widely, depending on the amount of hair present; the figure for fat will also vary. The division between albumen and mucins is debatable.

Beginning with the outer surface of a skin, there are: 1) the hairs, embedded in the skin, each in a sheath of epidermis known as the hair follicle and each with a hair root at its end, fed by a tiny blood vessel. Chemically the hairs consist of the protein keratin, and penetrate deeply into the papillary layer of the dermis. See: HAIR.

Most animals have hair of two types, primary and secondary. The positions which these hairs occupy relative to each other as they enter the surface of the skin, together with their different thicknesses, determine the characteristic marking or grain of the dermal surface, i.e., the grain pattern of the leather, which is exposed upon removal of the hair and other epidermal structures; 2) the epidermis, which is a protective, hard-wearing layer of keratinous cells. Those on the outside are dead and, upon drying and shrinking, fall off the skin. On the underside, adjacent to the skin proper, they consist of soft, jellylike living cells, which have little resistance and are readily attacked and degraded by bacterial action or enzymes, as occurs with stale skins or in enzyme unhairing. They are usually disintegrated by alkalis, especially sodium sulfide or hydrosulfide. See: LIMING; UNHAIRING; 3) the sudoriferous (sweat) glands, which are also lined with epidermal tissue and discharge sweat from the skin through the pores in the grain surface. and the sebaceous glands, which are located at the side of the hair follicles and discharge into them an oily, waxy substance, which protects the hair. (The gland is operated by a muscle, called the erector pili, which also causes the hair to stand upright); 4) the skin proper or dermis (corium), consisting of a network of collagen fibers, very intimately woven and joined together. In the grain layer these fibers become thin and tightly woven and are so interlaced that there are no loose ends on the surface beneath the epidermis. Thus, when the epidermis is removed, a smooth layer is revealed (sometimes known as the HYALINE LAYER), which gives the characteristic grain surface of the leather. Toward the center of the dermis the fibers are coarser and stronger, and the predominant angle at which they are woven indicates the properties of the resultant leather. If the fibers are more upright and tightly woven, the leather will be firm and hard, with little stretch, while if they are more horizontal and loosely woven, the leather will be softer and stretchier. The dermis is also the strongest part of the skin; and 5) the flesh of the dermis, i.e., that layer next to the body wall of the animal, where the fibers have a more horizontal angle of weave, and fatty (adipose) tissue may also be present.

In the living skin, the collagen fibers and cells are embedded in a watery jelly of proteinlike substance, called the GROUND SUBSTANCE.

The living collagen fibers are formed from this substance, which ranges in constitution from the blood sugars to substances which are almost collagen. The latter fibers have been called "interfibrillary" proteins, also known as nonstructural proteins, or pro-collagens. These are essential for the growth of the skin and also render the fiber structure nonporous. When the skin is dried (as in some forms of curing), they dry to a hard, gluelike substance, which cements all of the corium fibers together and makes the skin hard and horny. In producing a leather which is to be soft or supple, it is essential that these inter-fibrillary proteins te removed.

The corium fibers are composed of ropelike bundles of smaller fibrils, which in turn consist of bundles of sub-microscopic micelles. These in turn are made up of very long, threadlike molecules of collagen twisted together. All together, this gives a very tough, strong, flexible, three-dimensional structure, forming a network on which many of the qualities of leather depend. It is this structure which makes leather unique for, as of today, it has not been possible to produce it artificially. It is also unquestionably the basis for the remarkably high tensile strength of leather.

The skin also contains small arteries and veins which convey blood to the living tissues, as well as the nerve structures necessary for the sense of touch.

While all mammalian skins are structured along this basic pattern, they vary tremendously in size, e.g., from the hide of an elephant or ox to the skin of a rabbit or mouse, and they also vary considerably in shape and thickness. In addition, some animals have but little hair or wool and a thick epidermal layer—e.g., the pig—while others, such as the sheep, have a heavy fleece with curly wool and curly hair follicles but a relatively thin epidermis. The state of development of the animal is also important. A calf, for example, has finer structured hair than a full grown cow, consequently, leather made from the skin of a calf is relatively smooth and very fine-grained, while that of a cow is rougher and has a very pronounced grain pattern.

The skins of certain animals (at certain times of their lives) also contain considerable quantities of fat in globular cells, which lie approximately in the center of the dermis. Notable examples are the pig and sheep. Sheepskin may actually contain fat of this type, that is, in the interior of the skin and not merely on the flesh layer, amounting to 25% of the weight of the skin. Such excessive growth of fat cells disrupts and weakens the dermal fiber structure to such an extent that some sheepskins can be split into two layers along the line where the fat is located.

In general, the younger the animal at time of slaughter the thinner and smaller the skin, the smoother and finer the grain structure, and the less likelihood of damage due to disease, scratches, insects, etc. See: LEATHER DEFECTS. The more natural the animal's feeding and living conditions, the better the quality of the resultant leather; overfeeding, for example, produces greasier, weaker skins, while starvation results in thin, weak, misshapen skins showing skeleton markings The skin of the female is usually finer grained than that of the male, and has a looser fiber structure, especially in the flanks, giving a somewhat softer, stretchier leather. The less hair or wool there is on the animal the tougher and stronger the resultant leather, especially in the grain layer. Heavily wooled Merino sheep, for example, are inferior in this respect to goats and pigs.

Leather occupies a unique position among the covering materials used by bookbinders. Its structure gives it a very desirable softness and strength, while its chemical nature gives it the property of adhering well to paper, hoard, linen, etc. Its outstanding characteristics include its durability (when properly prepared and cared for), suppleness, porosity, beauty, temper and feel, in addition to its strength and softness. In terms of permanence, when properly tanned, stored, and maintained (See: LEATHER DRESSINGS), it is probably the most permanent covering material known at this time.

The manufacture of leather predates recorded history. There is evidence that some leather samples found in Northern Germany may have been produced perhaps 12,000 years ago. Leather artifacts believed to date from the Neolithic and European Bronze Ages have been discovered, and it is an established fact that the Egyptians knew the art of vegetable tanning, as well as alum tawing, as long ago as 2000 B.C., and that tanning practices there were well established by 1600 B.C.

Leather has been used for covering books since at least as early as the 3rd century A.D. (See: COPTIC BINDINGS), and its use in craft bookbinding continues to this day. Although virtually every conceivable type of skin has been used, calf, deer, goat, pig, and sheepskin, as well as horsehide (RUSSIA LEATHER) have been used most often, at least in Europe and the United States. Pigskin, as well as goatskin and deerskin, were often alum-tawed; however, vegetable tannage was and is the predominant method of preparation. Goatskin has been used to cover books in Europe for more than a thousand years and has been used extensively in Europe since the 16th century. See: VEGETABLE TANNING; VEGETABLE TANNINS. See also: ALLIGATOR LEATHER; AMERICAN RUSSIA; BABY CALF; BUCKSKIN; BUFFALO; CABRETTA LEATHER; CALFSKIN; CHAMOIS; CHEVRETTE;

CHEVROTAIN; CORDOBAN LEATHER: CORDOVAN LEATHER; COWHIDE; DEERSKIN; DOESKIN; GOATSKIN; HAIR SHEEP; HOGSKIN; KANGAROO SKIN; LAMBSKIN; MOROCCO;

PARCHMENT; PIGSKIN; SEALSKIN; SHEEPSKIN: VELLUM; WALRUS HIDE.

Bailey, Frederick T. Textbook on histology. 16th ed. Ed. by Wilfred M. Copenhaven, and others. Baltimore. Williams & Wilkins. 1971.

Barnes, Richard H. Gilding & the making of gold leaf. n.p. 1962.

Cockerell, Douglas. Bookbinding, and the care of books; a textbook for bookbinders and librarians. 5th ed. London. Pitman. 1971.

Library Association. Leather for libraries, by Edward Wyndham Hulme, and others. London. Library Supply Co. 1905.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.

O'Flaherty, Fred, and others, eds. The chemistry and technology of leather. New York. Reinhold. (American Chemical Society monograph series, no. 134. 1956-65. 4 vol.

Procter, Henry Richardson. Leather industries laboratory book of analytical and experimental methods. 2nd ed. New York. Spon and Chamberlain. 1908.

Reed, Ronald. Ancient skin, parchments and leathers. London. Seminar Press. 1972.

Sharphouse, John Henry. The leatherworker's handbook. London. Leather Producers' Association. 1963.

Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.

Waterer, John William. A guide to the conservation and restoration of objects made wholly or in part of leather. 2nd ed. London. Bell. 1973.

Waterer, John William. Leather and craftsmanship. London. Faber and Faber. 1950.

Waterer, John William. Leather craftsmanship. London. Bell. 1968.

Wilson, John Arthur. The chemistry of leather manufacture. New York. Chemical Catalog Co. 1923.

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


leather bound

A general term applied to a book bound in full or part leather.


Leather called morocco

sometimes with a qualifying adjective, is now made in Europe and America. Much of this is very good, even when made, as it often is, from other skins than those of goats. Even the experts seem often unable to distinguish the good from the best. None of it is to be condemned or approved because it is or is not made in the Levant, or from goatskins.


leather cloth

A polyvinyl chloride- or cellulose nitrate-surfaced fabric, usually made of cotton, or a plastic material with a similar surface. It is used principally in covering blankbooks.

Clough, Eric A. Bookbinding for librarians. London. Association of Assistant Librarians. 1957.


leather defects

Imperfections in the grain surface or structure of a hide or skin resulting in unsightly appearance and/ or weakness of the resultant leather. Such defects may have arisen during the life of the animal, or may have developed in the flaying and/or preparation of the stock.

Damages caused during life include: 1) scars, resulting from scratches or cuts. (When the cut is healing, the fibers grow densely packed together, and the healed skin is often hard, raised, and lacking hair follicles. Scar damage is also caused by branding the animal for ownership purposes, usually in the butt area, which is the best part of the hide); 2) infestations, such as ticks, warble flies, and mange. (Ticks pierce the skin to suck blood, leaving holes that look either like pin pricks or minor scars in the grain of the leather. This defect occurs mainly in the belly areas of the skin. Sarcoptic mange mites enter the epidermis and tunnel around, causing the cells to multiply and the hair to fall out. The grain surface becomes roughened, and the animal generally compounds the damage by rubbing to relieve the itching. In demodectic, or follicular, mange, the mites penetrate into the dermis itself, where a wall of fibers is formed to surround and "encyst" them. The cysts generally are seen on the grain of unhaired skins as small swollen nodules. Tanning and drying processes shrink the contents of the cysts, causing the grain surface to sink over the cavity so that the defects are seen as shallow depressions, though the grain surface itself is not generally damaged. See also: WARBLES); 3) infections. (If ringworm, which is a fungus, heals it leaves no scars, but if the animal is slaughtered while still infected, the grain appears coarse at the site of the infection); and 4) cockle, which occurs in wooled sheep immediately before shearing. (This defect appears as boil-like hard spots, of varying size, which occur in rows at right angles to the spine from the shoulder to the butt, and, while the defect disappears rapidly after shearing, it cannot be eliminated during manufacture of the leather.)

Damages caused after death include: 1) flaycuts and gouges, which cut into the fibers of the dermis. (In thin leathers they show through and thereby spoil the grain. Some flaycuts go completely through the hide or skin, ruining it completely. These kinds of cuts are usually the result of careless or improper flaying); 2) putrefaction, which is the result of bacterial growth which starts almost immediately once the animal is dead, unless the skin is properly cured, especially on the exposed flesh side. See: PUTREFACTIVE DAMAGE; 3) veininess, in which branching lines of blood vessels can be seen on the flesh side. (If, because of poor curing or old age, for example, the structure around them becomes loose, the skin is said to be veiny, and the branching pattern of the veins usually shows through on the grain side. Veininess can actually at times be attractive in some skins, such as VELLUM, for example); and 4) damage from heat, which may occur on hides and skins in tropical areas. (It is a common fault with ground-dried skins.) See: SUN DAMAGE. See also: BLEEDING (5); BLOOM (1); CRUSTY BREAK; DRAWN FLANKS; KISS MARKS; PIPEY LEATHER; PIPING (1); SLACK TANNED; SPEW.


leather dressings

Substances, or mixtures of substances, applied to leather bookbindings to prevent or retard deterioration, preserve, and, to limited extent, restore flexibility to leather. Over the past one hundred years or so a great number of different leather dressings of varying degrees of effectiveness have been used to impart new life to deteriorating leather. These treatments have ranged from simple paste-washing and/or coating with varnish to more-or-less carefully formulated and tested preparations. Most of the latter contain an oil which may be of animal, vegetable, or mineral origin, in order of probable decreasing relative value as preservatives. While such dressings may preserve, and to some extent restore, the flexibility of the leather, they cannot prevent chemical decay, nor can they restore leather that has become decayed because of chemical influences.

The majority of leather dressings contain lanolin as their principal fatty component. Lanolin has sufficient capability to exchange water with the surrounding atmosphere and to maintain relatively long-term flexibility and softness of HANDLE in the leather. Most dressings also contain one or more of the following substances: beeswax (or some other harder or softer wax, such as candellila, spermaceti, carnauba, etc.), cedarwood oil, n-hexane (or benzene), potassium carbonate, potash alum, isopropanol (or ethanol), thymol (or p-nitrophenol or o-phenylphenol). and neat's-foot oil. Beeswax is said to give body to the surface of the leather which can then be polished to impart a glossy finish. (See further comments below concerning the use of wax.) Cedarwood oil provides protection against mold growth and insect attack. The n-hexane or benzene acts as a solvent to get the lanolin into the leather, but according to some authorities, usually evaporates so rapidly that it actually is of little benefit. Furthermore, such hydrocarbons are flammable as well as toxic, and benzene is extremely toxic. The alcohols, isopropanol and ethanol, are sometimes added to a dressing to promote the penetration of the lanolin and also to permit the use of a wider range of organic substances—e.g., fungicides, such as thymol—to be included. The metallic salts, such as potassium carbonate or potash alum, are said to help in binding the fats to the leather fibers. Neats'-foot oil is another fat used to lubricate the fibers of the leather.

The use of hard waxes in leather dressings is very controversial. Some argue that their use reduces the danger of penetration of harmful atmospheric gases into the leather, e.g., sulfur dioxide, which can be converted into destructive sulfuric acid. Others, however. contend that wax decreases the capability of the lanolin to exchange water with the surrounding atmosphere and that the lanolin itself will reduce the ingress of harmful gases. It is also argued that the wax causes treated volumes to stick together on the bookshelf, and even worse, that repeated applications may result in building up a heavy wax surface which eventually cracks and flakes, taking pieces of leather with it.

A simple, economical, and certainly widely used, dressing consists of a mixture of 60% neat's-foot oil (20° C, cold test) and 40% anhydrous lanolin, or 60% lanolin and 40% neat's-foot oil, depending upon the temperature and relative humidity in the area of use. This dressing offers some important advantages over many other preparations. It is (relatively) less expensive, easy to prepare and apply, non-toxic, non-flammable, and contains nothing, insofar as is known at this time, that could possibly damage the leather. See also: P.I.R.A. TESTED; POTASSIUM LACTATE.

Guldbeck, Per Ernst. The care of historical collections; a conservation handbook for the nonspecialist. Nashville. American Association for State and Local History. 1972.

Plenderleith, Harold James, and A. E. A. Werner. The conservation of antiquities and works of art; treatment, repair and restoration. 2nd ed. London. Oxford University Press. 1971.


leather fillers

Substances, such as starch paste, isinglass, etc., used to fill the pores of leather before gilding, so as to cause the gold leaf to adhere better. The filler helps keep the glair on the surface of the leather.

Kinder, Louis Herman. Formulas for bookbinders…London. Putnam. 1905.


leather flyleaf

A free flyleaf made of leather, generally of the same type of skin as used in covering, although thinner and possibly of a different color. The leather flyleaf is generally used in conjunction with the leather DOUBLURE (1).


leather gauge

An instrument used to measure the thickness of leather, either in ounces or millimeters. See also: IRON (2); LEATHER SUBSTANCE TABLE; OUNCE.


leather glove

A heavy leather "glove" which fits over the thumb only, and is used to steady the finisher's hand in starting the heated lettering or finishing tool.

Fahey, Herbert, and Peter Fahey. Finishing in hand bookbinding…  San Francisco. The authors. 1951.


leather hinges

Endpaper hinges made of leather and designed to add strength at the point where the endpaper flexes. They are used with simple folded endpapers in either of two ways—by sewing them in with the endpapers while the book is being sewn, or by pasting them down on top of the endpapers after covering. Leather hinges (or joints) have been used since the 17th century in Europe, and between 1750 and 1800 they were a fairly common feature of the best English morocco and Russia bindings. They were usually heavily embellished with fillets, rolls, and small tools.

Cockerell, Douglas. Bookbinding, and the care of books; a textbook for bookbinders and librarians. 5th ed. London. Pitman. 1971.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


leather marble

A method of coloring leather so as to obtain something of a marbled effect. The skins are dampened and rolled into a ball, each skin being carefully arranged so that no large area of any one is hidden in the folds. The ball of skins is then immersed in the dye, which colors the skins at the edges only, resulting in a kind of marbling effect.

Hitchcock, Frederick H. The building of a book…2nd ed. New York. Bowker. 1929.


leather substance table

The measurement of the thickness of a finished leather, in millimeters (1 mm. 0.03937 inch), irons (1 iron = 1/48 inch), or ounces (1 ounce = 1/64 inch):

Inch        Ounces     Irons      Millimeters

1/64         1          .75         0.4

1/32         2         1.5          .8

3/64         3         2.25        1.2

1/16         4         3.0         1.6

5/64         5         3.75        2.0

3/32         6         4.5         2.4

7/64         7         5.25        2.8

1/8          8         6.0         3.2

9/64         9         6.75        3.6

5/32        10         7.5         4.0

11/64       11         8.25        4.4

3/16        12         9.0         4.8

13/64       13         9.75        5.2

7/32        14         10.5        5.6

15/64       15         11.25       6.0

1/4         16         12.0        6.4

17/64       17         12.75       6.8

9/32        18         13.5        7.2


leatherboard

An imitation leather typically produced by pulping and compressing scrap leather and wood pulp.

Smith, Frederick Richard. Bookbinding. London. Pitman. 1929.


leatherette

A covering fabric produced from a strong, machine-glazed base paper, which is coated and embossed, or printed and embossed, in imitation of grained leather.

Gazurian, Johnny A. The advertising & graphic arts glossary. Los Angeles. Los Angeles Trade-Technical College. 1966.


leatherette

Cloth or paper made to look like leather. There are many kinds used in binding, some of which look very well and wear about as long as poorer kinds of cloth.


leatheroid

An obsolete name for an IMITATION LEATHER consisting of chemically treated paper combined with rubber and sandarac. See also: LEATHERETTE.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


leaves

1. Finishing tools cut in the shape of leaves that are symmetrical in shape and generally curving in different directions. 2. See: LEAF.

Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.


lecithin

A lipoid, or fatty acid, substance found in all animal and vegetable cells. Commercial lecithin is a mixture of phosphatides and glycerides obtained in the manufacture of soybean oil. It is soluble in mineral oils and fatty acids and is dispersible in animal and vegetable oils. It is one of the most effective materials used to assist in the formation and stabilization of emulsions.


LECTURES

5 & 6 W. 4. c. 65. “An act for preventing the Publication of Lectures without Consent.

s. 1. “Whereas Printers, Publishers, and other Persons have frequently taken the Liberty of printing and publishing Lectures delivered upon divers Subjects, without the Consent of the Authors of such Lectures, or the Persons delivering the same in public, to the great Detriment of such Authors and Lecturers: Be it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That from and after the First Day of September One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five the Author of any Lecture or Lectures, or the Person to whom he hath sold or otherwise conveyed the Copy thereof, in order to deliver the same in any School, Seminary, Institution, or other Place, or for any other purpose, shall have the sole Right and Liberty of printing and publishing such Lecture or Lectures; and that if any Person shall, by taking down the same in Short Hand or otherwise in Writing, or in any other Way obtain or make a Copy of such Lecture or Lectures, and shall print or lithograph or otherwise copy and publish the same, or cause the same to be printed, lithographed, or otherwise copied and published, without Leave of the Author thereof, or of the Persons to whom the Author thereof hath sold or otherwise conveyed the same, and every Person who, knowing the same to have been printed or copied and published without such Consent, shall sell, publish, or expose to sale, or cause to be sold, published, or exposed to sale, any such Lecture or Lectures, shall forfeit such printed or otherwise copied Lecture or Lectures, or Parts thereof, together with One Penny for every Sheet thereof which shall be found in his Custody, either printed, lithographed, or copied, or printing, lithographing, or copying, published or exposed to sale, contrary to the true Intent and Meaning of this Act, the one Moiety thereof to His Majesty, His Heirs or Successors, and the other Moiety thereof to any Person who shall sue for the same, to be recovered in any of His Majesty’s Courts of Record in Westminster, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, or Information, in which no Wager of Law, Essoign, Privilege, or Protection, or more than One Imparlance, shall be allowed.

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That any Printer or Publisher of any Newspaper who shall, without such Leave as aforesaid, print and publish in such Newspaper any Lecture or Lectures, shall be deemed and taken to be a Person printing and publishing without Leave within the Provisions of this Act, and liable to the aforesaid Forfeitures and Penalties in respect of such printing and publishing.

s. 3. “And be it further enacted, That no Person allowed for certain Fee or Reward, or otherwise, to attend and be present at any Lecture delivered in any Place, shall be deemed and taken to be licensed or to have Leave to print, copy, and publish such Lectures, only because of having Leave to attend such Lecture or Lectures.

s. 4. “Provided always, That nothing in this Act shall extend to prohibit any Person from printing, copying, and publishing any Lecture or Lectures which have or shall have been printed and published with Leave of the Authors thereof or their Assignees, and whereof the Time hath or shall have expired within which the sole Right to print and publish the same is given by an Act passed in the Eighth Year of the Reign of Queen Anne [c. 19.], intituled An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies during the Times therein mentioned, and by another Act passed in the Fifty-fourth Year of the Reign of King George the Third [c. 156.], intituled An Act to amend the several Acts for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies and Copyright of printed Books to the Authors of such Books, or their Assigns, or to any Lectures which have been printed or published before the passing of this Act.

s. 5. “Provided further, That nothing in this Act shall extend to any Lecture or Lectures, or the printing, copying, or publishing any Lecture or Lectures, or Parts thereof, of the delivering of which Notice in Writing shall not have been given to Two Justices living within Five Miles from the Place where such Lecture or Lectures shall be delivered Two Days at the least before delivering the same, or to any Lecture or Lectures delivered in any University or public School or College, or on any public Foundation, or by any Individual in virtue of or according to any Gift, Endowment, or Foundation; and that the Law relating thereto shall remain the same as if this Act had not been passed.”


lederschnitt bindings

See: CUIR-CISELÉ.


ledger binding

See: BLANKBOOK BINDING; STATIONERY BINDING.


ledger paper

Originally, a writing paper used for pen and ink records, as in ledger or blankbooks, but now also used for printing purposes. Ledger papers are generally made from cotton fiber, bleached chemical wood pulps, or mixtures thereof. High quality ledger papers are animal sized, and the usual ledger paper is made in basis weights ranging from 24 to 36 pounds (17 x 22—500). As it is subjected to considerable usage, it requires a high degree of durability and permanence. Significant properties include strength, especially tearing resistance, erasability, water and ink resistance, uniformity of surface and color, smoothness, and a good surface for ruling.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

British Federation of Master Printers. Preliminary technical course in printing. London. British Federation of Master Printers. 1967. 7 vol.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


legal buckram

See: ENGLISH LINEN.


Legrain, Pierre

An outstanding French bookbinding designer of the 20th century. Legrain's early career was that of illustrator and theater painter, and it was not until 1917 that he became associated with the bibliophile Jacques Doucet and became interested in bookbinding. Under Doucet's encouragement Legrain literally established the profession of artist‐designer of bookbindings in France. Although he never himself bound a book he abandoned the restrictions of tradition in book decoration, and established, by means of his adaption of artistic traits of contemporary art, the course of creative bookbinding in France for decades to come. Letter forms (titles, etc.) were an important part of his designs, and in his most mature style, he used color and texture of leather, as well as conventional tools and onlays of traditional binding, in new and imaginative designs related to abstract art.

Comparato, Frank E. Books for the millions; a history of the men whose methods and machines packaged the printed word. Harrisburg, Pa. Stackpole. 1971.

Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. The history of bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Compiled by Dorothy Miner. Baltimore. Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery. 1957.


Leighton, Archibald

An English bookbinder who is generally credited with the introduction of the first practical cloth for covering books. Although William Pickering may have introduced cloth earlier, and though woven flax canvas had been used for covering school books in England as early as 1770, it was not until about 1823 that a cloth more-or-less impervious to glue was used as a covering material. Leighton's first cloth was a dyed and glazed calico, with a starch filler. He dyed, stiffened, and patterned small rolls of calico in his own shop, and, by 1832. was embossing cloth with die-stamped patterns, and even blocking cloth with gold leaf.

Quayle, Eric. The collector's book of books. New York. Potter. 1971.


lemon

18 1/2 karat gold leaf. Because of the alloys used to reduce the gold from 24 to 18 1/2 karat, it is lighter in color and somewhat thicker than the 23 or 23 1/2 karat leaf more commonly used in book decoration, although not so much as PALE leaf. See also: GOLD LEAF.


lemon oil

A fragrant yellow essential oil obtained from the skins of lemons. It is one of the several oils used to secure gold leaf temporarily to the covering material of a book before blocking or tooling.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


length of the book

A term used by some bookbinders to indicate the distance between the "X" points of the gathered sections marked up for sewing by hand. The "X" points indicate where the head and tail are to be trimmed, i.e., the "length of the book" being the distance between the "X" points. It is actually the height of the text block but not that of the finished book, unless it is a cut flush binding.


lengthwise lettering

Lettering which runs vertically rather than horizontally on the spine of a bound book. The lettering generally runs from head to tail so that it may be read if the book is shelved horizontally with the upper cover uppermost. Lengthwise lettering is used for books meant to be shelved flat. e.g., newspapers. and also on books which are too thin for across the spine lettering without undue hyphenation or abbreviation. In the latter case it is common for library binders to make an additional charge for the lettering.


lens tissue

A thin paper made from long-fibered stock which contains no unbleached or mechanical wood pulps. The paper is usually soft and is free from abrasiveness, lint, or dusting. It is not calendered and is generally made in basis weights of 5 1/2, 8 1/2. and 16 pounds (24 X 36—500). Some lens tissues contain silicone, while others receive some form of wet strength treatment. The tissue is used in lamination and paper repair.


Lesné, François A.D.

A 19th-century French bookbinder who referred to himself as the "Poet-binder" because of his poems eulogizing bookbinding. Lesné is better known. however, for his development of a temporary soft-cover binding of plain calfskin which was said (by Lesné) to be an improvement over the BRADEL BINDING, developed earlier in the 19th century. Lesné's binding consisted of calf-covered boards sewn to a strip of linen; the sections themselves, however, were not sewn. It is not clear how the sections or leaves were secured to the linen. unless. as in a later American binding which infringed on Lesné's method. the boards were sewn to the linen at both spine and fore edge, thus creating a form of wrapper binding. In order not to deceive the buyer, Lesné stated that books so "bound" would bear the blind stamped inscription "Exposition de 1834. Cartonnages conservateurs de Lesné." (It was at this exposition that he received a bronze medal for his invention.)


less-used materials specifications

See: LUMSPECS.


LETTER BOARD

In Moxon’s time both the letter board and the paper board were made alike, similar to the present paper board; and he strongly recommended to have the board made of one piece, without a joint: they are now different from each other. The letter board is made of two deals, about an inch thick, and the smallest size allows a demy chase to lie upon it without hanging over the edges; the deals are joined together on the under side by two dovetailed tapering tongues inserted into dovetailed tapering grooves, the contrary way to each other; and these tongues project below the bottom, so as to serve as feet for the board, to a depth rather more than equal to the height of letter, and allow the board to be placed upon a bulk, or upon another letter board, upon which pages or small jobs are placed, without the bottom of the board touching the face of the type. If the boards shrink, or the joint opens, the aperture can be immediately closed up again, by striking the edges with a mallet, and driving the tongues up tight.

The usual sizes of letter boards in a printing office are Demy and Royal; but when works on larger paper are printed, it is necessary to have boards of a corresponding size. The Demy boards are 26 inches by 22; the Royal 30 inches by 26.


LETTER BRUSH

A brush used in composing rooms, something like a polishing brush for shoes, but not quite so large; with which to brush dust off forms before they are taken to the proof press to have a proof pulled, and before they are taken into the press room to be worked. Every press ought also to have one, that if any dust, or particles of dirt, get upon the face of the letter, they may be brushed off.


LETTER FOUNDERS

By the Act of the 39th of George 3. cap. 79. s. 25. it is enacted, “That from and after the Expiration of Forty Days after the passing of this Act, every Person carrying on the Business of a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses, shall cause Notice of his or her Intention to carry on such Business to be delivered to the Clerk of the Peace of the County, Stewartry, Riding, Division, City, Borough, Town, or Place, where such Person shall propose to carry on such Business, or his Deputy, in the Form prescribed in the Schedule to this Act annexed; and such Clerk of the Peace, or his Deputy, shall, and he is hereby authorized and required thereupon to grant a Certificate in the Form also prescribed in the said Schedule, for which such Clerk of the Peace, or his Deputy, shall receive a Fee of One Shilling, and no more, and shall file such Notice, and transmit an attested Copy thereof to one of his Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State; and every Person who shall, after the Expiration of the said Forty Days, carry on such Business, or make or sell any Type for Printing, or Printing Press, without having given such Notice, and obtained such Certificate, shall forfeit and lose the Sum of Twenty Pounds.”

s. 26. “And be it further enacted, That every Person who shall sell Types for Printing, or Printing Presses, as aforesaid, shall keep a fair Account in Writing of all Persons to whom any such Types or Presses shall be sold, and shall produce such Accounts to any Justice of the Peace who shall require the same; and if such Person shall neglect to keep such Account, or shall refuse to produce the same to any such Justice, on Demand in Writing to inspect the same, such Person shall forfeit and lose, for such Offence, the Sum of Twenty Pounds.” See Certificate.

Forms.

“VI. FORM of Notice to the Clerk of the Peace, that any Person carries on the Business of a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses.

To the Clerk of the Peace for [as the Case may be], or his Deputy.

I A. B. of ______ do hereby declare, That I intend to carry on the Business of a Letter Founder or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses [as the Case may be], at ______ and I hereby require this Notice to be entered in pursuance of an Act, passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Reign of his Majesty King George the Third, [set forth the Title of the Act].

Signed in the Presence }       of _________________ }

“VII. FORM of Certificate that the above Notice has been given.

I G. H. Clerk [or Deputy Clerk] of the Peace for [as the Case may be], do hereby certify, That A. B. of ______ hath delivered to me a Notice in Writing, appearing to be signed by him, and attested by E. F. as a Witness to his signing the same, that he intends to carry on the Business of a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses, at ______ and which Notice he has required to be entered in pursuance of an Act of the Thirty-ninth Year of his Majesty King George the Third, [set forth the Title of the Act].

Witness my Hand, this ______ Day of ______.”


LETTER HANGS

If the compositor has been careless in emptying his composing stick, so as to set the letter loosely down in the galley, and they stand not perfectly square and upright, the Letter Hangs: or if after overrunning on the correcting stone he has not set his letter in a square position again, before he locks up (for we may suppose when the pages are opened the letter stands loose, and more or less out of square), so then, the matter standing thus out of square, is said to Hang.—M.


LETTER HANGS

When the page is out of square.


letter piece

See: FLYSWING; LABEL; SKIVER.


Letter-press printing

Printing from types.


lettering

The process of marking a binding with author, title, or other distinguishing bibliographical information, and, in a loose sense, with accompanying ornamentation, e.g., lines, library imprints, etc. The lettering of handbound books is usually done either with individual letters (as in the best work), or with type set in a pallet. It is also done at times with straight lines or gouges. See: BUILT-UP LETTERING. Edition and library bindings are usually blocked (stamped), either in an automatic or hand-blocking machine.

Type sizes for lettering books generally range from 6 point (very small) to 36 point (relatively large), depending on several factors, including the size of the book and the relative degree of legibility desired. Design of the type face and proper arrangement of the lettering, however, are as important for legibility as is the size of the type. As a general rule, the factors governing lettering are: 1) only one type face should be used on an individual book or set of books: 2) spacing between lines should be logical and pleasing to the eye; 3) spacing between letters should be the same on all lines; and 4) the type size should be appropriate for the size of the volume.

Perry, Kenneth Frederick, and Clarence T. Babb. The binding of books. Rev. ed. Bloomington, 111. McKnight & McKnight. 1967.

Simon, Oliver. Introduction to typography. 2nd ed. London. Faber and Faber. 1963.

Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


LETTERING BLOCK

A piece of wood, the upper surface being rounded, upon which side-labels are lettered.


LETTERING BLOCK

A piece of wood, the upper surface being slightly rounded, upon which side labels are lettered.

The Art of Bookbinding: A Practical Treatise


LETTERING BLOCK

A piece of wood of about the size and shape of a large book. Leather labels which are to be lettered in gold are laid on the rounded edge of this block that the pallet may be pressed on them more readily.


LETTERING BOX

The box in which the type are screwed up preparatory to lettering.


LETTERING BOX

A wooden box in which hand-letters are kept (*see* HAND-LETTERS).


LETTERING BOX

The iron box in which type are screwed up preparatory to lettering. To the box is attached a handle, the whole forming a pallet.


lettering pallet

See illustration</> A hand type-holder used to letter books by hand. The pallet has two viselike jaws which screw in from each end of the pallet and clamp the type securely in place. 2. An engraved device used to inscribe the same lettering, e.g., a library imprint, on the spines of books.

Chidester, Otis Holden. First year graphic arts. Tucson, Ariz. Graphic Arts Press. 1949.

Fahey, Herbert, and Peter Fahey. Finishing in hand bookbinding…  San Francisco. The authors. 1951.


lettering size

A preparation used for sizing coated or impregnated book fabrics before blocking with gold leaf. It consists of equal parts of orange shellac and alcohol, one-fourth part ordinary ammonia and one-fourth part ethyl acetate. Cloths that are to be blocked with gold or pigment foils do not have to be sized in this manner, as the foil contains its own size.


letterpress

1. See: LETTERPRESS BINDING. 2. The text of a book as distinguished from its illustrations. 3. Matter printed directly from a raised surface. See: LETTERPRESS PRINTING.


letterpress binding

One of the two major composite styles of bookbinding, the other being STATIONERY BINDING. Letterpress binding refers to the binding of books intended to be read, as distinct from books used for written records, i.e., books meant to be written in. The name derives from the time when all printing was done by letterpress. The major forms of letterpress binding include: EDITION BINDING, LIBRARY BINDING, and PAMPHLET BINDING, as well as the binding of books by hand. See also: BOOKBINDING.


letterpress printing

Any printing produced from a raised, or relief, surface, as distinct from planographic or intaglio printing. It employs type or plates, or any letter or image cast or engraved in relief on a suitable surface. The ink is applied to the printing surface which is above all nonprinting areas or spaces (the exact opposite of gravure or intaglio printing). Impressions are then made by pressing the paper against a flat area of type or plate, e.g., on a platen press, by the pressure of a cylinder rolling across a flat area of type, as on a flat-bed cylinder press, or by having the flat printing area stereotyped (molded into a curved form with cast metal) against which another (impression) cylinder revolves carrying the paper web, as in newspaper (rotary web) printing. Flat sheets may also be printed by the rotary method by having the printed areas electrotyped, i.e., duplicated in a copper or other metal plate, and then curving the plate to fit a cylinder.

Letterpress printing includes both hand-set and machine composition.

Foundry type, cast in individual pieces, is used in hand composition, whereas in machine composition the type may be cast in slugs of equal length or measures by linecasting machines. such as the linotype or intertype, or cast in a single piece of type, as in the monotype machine. The advantages of singletype composition are quick correction of individual letters, flexibility in spacing between letters, and the relative ease by which any portion of a line may be increased or decreased to obtain a justified right-hand margin.

Letterpress printing is the oldest, and still the more commonly used, method of printing; it is employed for practically all newspaper printing, as well as the printing of many periodicals and books. It is capable of producing both very fine and very cheap results, in either very short (e.g., 750-copy) or very long (e.g., 250,000-or-so-copy) runs. It is considered the standard with which other printing methods are compared.

Stevenson, George A. Graphic arts encyclopedia. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1968.


levant

In general, a descriptive term applied to a leather having a characteristic drawn-grain pattern, originally produced by an astringent tannage, but now produced by hand or machine BOARDING (1) of vegetable or semichrome tanned goatskins and sheepskins, or vegetable tanned sealskin. The traditional "levant" used in bookbinding is a vegetable tanned goatskin. When the pattern is produced by embossing, as it frequently is, it is called "levant grain." The original levant, which during the past one hundred years or so was considered to be the finest of the morocco family, was always goatskin obtained from the Near East. In recent years, however, the best levant has been tanned in the northern and northwestern areas of Africa and usually finished in France. Today the great bulk of genuine "levant" goatskin comes from South Africa and is called "cape levant. See also: GOATSKIN; MOROCCO.

British Standards Institution. British standard glossary of leather terms. B. S. 2780: 1956. London. British Standards Institution.

Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.


levant marble

A type of cover marble produced by applying brown coloring in broad streaks, followed by washing with aqua regia.

Hannett, John. Bibliopegia; or, the art of bookbinding… London. Simkim, Marshall. 1848.


Levant Morocco

The skin of the monarch breed of goat; a large grained Morocco.

Bib-li-op-e-gis-tic: Pertaining to the Art of Binding Books


Levant Morocco

Originally made in the Levant from the skins of Angora goats. A superior quality of morocco, having a large and prominent grain. French levant morocco has long held its place as the best of all leathers for bookbinding.


levers

Strips of millboard or pasteboard, each about inch thick, 2 inches wide, and slightly longer from head to tail than the end webbings, and used in conjunction with SPRING-BACK (1) to give added resistance to the opening of a blankbook and thus cause the spine of the book to spring up and lie flat, thus facilitating writing in the book.

In attaching the levers, the outside of the leaf adjacent to the board papers is glued out and the levers are placed approximately 1/8 inch from the spine of the book. The webbings are then glued to the levers and the endpapers are folded over and glued down on themselves, the levers, and the webbings. The clothings are then glued across the spine and onto the folded endpapers. The entire assemblies are then slit at the points of the kettle stitches, the end sections being glued to the insides of the boards and the middle sections between the split boards. The spring-back clamps over the edges of both levers near the spine, and, when the boards of the book are opened, the pull of the levers causes the spring-back to throw the spine of the book up so that the conjugate leaves present a flat surface for writing. To impart added stiffness to the levers, they are cut so that the grain (machine direction) of the board runs at right angles to the spine, which is one of the very few instances in book binding where it is desirable to have the grain in this direction. Also called "stiffeners."


LIBELS,

blasphemous and seditious. Act 60 Geo. 3. cap. 8.—For the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of Blasphemous and Seditious Libels.    Commences by declaring that it is expedient to make more effectual provision for the punishment of blasphemous and seditious libels; and then proceeds to enact, “That from and after the passing of the Act, in every Case in which any Verdict or Judgment by default shall be had against any Person for composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous Libel, or any seditious Libel, tending to bring into hatred or contempt the Person of His Majesty, his Heirs or Successors, or the Regent, or the Government and Constitution of the United Kingdom as by Law established, or either House of Parliament, or to excite His Majesty’s Subjects to attempt the Alteration of any Matter in Church or State as by Law established, otherwise than by lawful Means, it shall be lawful for the Judge, or the Court before whom or in which such Verdict shall have been given, or the Court in which such Judgment by default shall be had, to make an Order for the Seizure and carrying away and detaining in safe Custody, in such Manner as shall be directed in such Order, all Copies of the Libel which shall be in the Possession of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or in the Possession of any other Person named in the Order for his Use; Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such Case it shall be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, or for any Constable or other Peace-officer acting under any such Order, or for any Person or Persons acting with or in aid of any such Justice of the Peace, Constable, or other Peace-officer, to search for any Copies of such Libel in any House, Building, or other Place whatsoever belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or to any other Person so named, in whose Possession any Copies of any such Libel, belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, shall be; and in case Admission shall be refused or not obtained within a reasonable Time after it shall have been first demanded, to enter by force by Day into any such House, Building, or Place whatsoever, and to carry away all Copies of the Libel there found, and to detain the same in safe Custody until the same shall be restored under the Provisions of this Act, or disposed of according to any further Order made in relation thereto.  s. 2. “That if in any such Case as aforesaid Judgment shall be arrested, or if, after Judgment shall have been entered, the same shall be reversed upon any Writ of Error, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid, free of all Charge and Expence, and without the Payment of any Fees whatever; and in every Case in which final Judgment shall be entered upon the Verdict so found against the Person or Persons charged with having composed, printed, or published such Libel, then all Copies so seized shall be disposed of as the Court in which such Judgment shall be given shall order and direct.  s. 3. “Provided that in Scotland, in every Case in which any Person or Persons shall be found Guilty before the Court of Justiciary, of composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, or where Sentence of Fugitation shall have been pronounced against any Person or Persons, in consequence of their failing to appear to answer to any Indictment charging them with having composed, printed, or published any such Libel, then and in either of such Cases, it shall and may be lawful for the said Court to make an Order for the Seizure, carrying away, and detaining in safe Custody, all Copies of the Libel in the Possession of any such Person or Persons, or in the Possession of any other Person or Persons named in such Order, for his or their Use, Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and every such Order so made shall and may be carried into effect, in such and the same Manner as any Order made by the Court of Justiciary, or any Circuit Court of Justiciary, may be carried into effect according to the Law and Practice of Scotland: Provided always, that in the Event of any Person or Persons being reponed against any such Sentence of Fugitation, and being thereafter acquitted, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid; and in all other Cases, the Copies so seized shall be disposed of in such Manner as the said Court may direct.  s. 4. “That if any Person shall be legally convicted of having, after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel, or any such seditious Libel as aforesaid, and shall, after being so convicted, offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s-bench, such Person may, on such second Conviction, be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as may now by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanors, or to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions, for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction shall take place shall order.  s. 5. “That in case any Person so sentenced and ordered to be banished as aforesaid, shall not depart from this United Kingdom within Thirty Days after the pronouncing of such Sentence and Order as aforesaid, for the Purpose of going into such Banishment as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty to convey such Person to such Parts out of the Dominions of His said Majesty, as His Majesty by and with the Advice of his Privy Council shall direct.  s. 6. “That if any Offender, who shall be so ordered by any such Court as aforesaid to be banished in manner aforesaid shall, after the End of Forty Days from the Time such Sentence and Order hath been pronounced, be at large within any Part of the United Kingdom, or any other Part of His Majesty’s Dominions, without some lawful Cause, before the Expiration of the Term for which such Offender shall have been so ordered to be banished as aforesaid, every such Offender being so at large as aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be transported to such Place as shall be appointed by His Majesty for any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years; and such Offender may be tried, either before any Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, for the County, City, Liberty, Borough, or Place where such Offender shall be apprehended and taken, or where he or she was sentenced to Banishment; and the Clerk of Assize, Clerk of the Peace, or other Clerk or Officer of the Court having the Custody of the Records where such Order of Banishment shall have been made, shall, when thereunto required on His Majesty’s Behalf, make out and give a Certificate in Writing, signed by him, containing the Effect and Substance only (omitting the formal Part) of every Indictment and Conviction of such Offender, and of the Order for his or her Banishment, to the Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, where such Offender shall be indicted, for which Certificate Six Shillings and Eight Pence, and no more, shall be paid, and which Certificate shall be sufficient Proof of the Conviction and Order for Banishment of any such Offender.”  The remaining clauses relate to the mode of proceeding in case of former conviction, limitation of actions, &c.  11 G. 4. & 1 W. 4. c. 73. “An act to repeal so much of an Act of the Sixtieth Year of His late Majesty King George the Third, for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; and to provide some further Remedy against the Abuse of publishing Libels.  “Whereas by an Act passed in the Sixtieth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Third, intituled An Act for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, it was amongst other things enacted, that if any Person should, after the passing of that Act, be legally convicted of having composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel or any such seditious Libel as in the said Act is before mentioned, and should after being so convicted offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer, or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s Bench, such Person might on such second Conviction be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as might by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanour, or to be banished from the United Kingdom and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction should take place should order: And whereas it is expedient to repeal so much of the said Act as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; Be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much and such Parts of the said Act as relate to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence be and the same is hereby wholly repealed.”   It hath been ruled that the finding a libel on a bookseller’s shelf is a publication of it by the bookseller; and that it is no excuse to say that the servant took it into the shop without the master’s knowledge; for the law presumes the master to be acquainted with what the servant does. Rex v. Dodd, 1 Sess. Cas. 33.—Burn’s Justice of the Peace, vol. 3, p. 292, Art. Libel. See Publications, Periodical.   Licence. See Printing.   LIFT

blasphemous and seditious. Act 60 Geo. 3. cap. 8.—For the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of Blasphemous and Seditious Libels.

Commences by declaring that it is expedient to make more effectual provision for the punishment of blasphemous and seditious libels; and then proceeds to enact, “That from and after the passing of the Act, in every Case in which any Verdict or Judgment by default shall be had against any Person for composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous Libel, or any seditious Libel, tending to bring into hatred or contempt the Person of His Majesty, his Heirs or Successors, or the Regent, or the Government and Constitution of the United Kingdom as by Law established, or either House of Parliament, or to excite His Majesty’s Subjects to attempt the Alteration of any Matter in Church or State as by Law established, otherwise than by lawful Means, it shall be lawful for the Judge, or the Court before whom or in which such Verdict shall have been given, or the Court in which such Judgment by default shall be had, to make an Order for the Seizure and carrying away and detaining in safe Custody, in such Manner as shall be directed in such Order, all Copies of the Libel which shall be in the Possession of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or in the Possession of any other Person named in the Order for his Use; Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such Case it shall be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, or for any Constable or other Peace-officer acting under any such Order, or for any Person or Persons acting with or in aid of any such Justice of the Peace, Constable, or other Peace-officer, to search for any Copies of such Libel in any House, Building, or other Place whatsoever belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or to any other Person so named, in whose Possession any Copies of any such Libel, belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, shall be; and in case Admission shall be refused or not obtained within a reasonable Time after it shall have been first demanded, to enter by force by Day into any such House, Building, or Place whatsoever, and to carry away all Copies of the Libel there found, and to detain the same in safe Custody until the same shall be restored under the Provisions of this Act, or disposed of according to any further Order made in relation thereto.

s. 2. “That if in any such Case as aforesaid Judgment shall be arrested, or if, after Judgment shall have been entered, the same shall be reversed upon any Writ of Error, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid, free of all Charge and Expence, and without the Payment of any Fees whatever; and in every Case in which final Judgment shall be entered upon the Verdict so found against the Person or Persons charged with having composed, printed, or published such Libel, then all Copies so seized shall be disposed of as the Court in which such Judgment shall be given shall order and direct.

s. 3. “Provided that in Scotland, in every Case in which any Person or Persons shall be found Guilty before the Court of Justiciary, of composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, or where Sentence of Fugitation shall have been pronounced against any Person or Persons, in consequence of their failing to appear to answer to any Indictment charging them with having composed, printed, or published any such Libel, then and in either of such Cases, it shall and may be lawful for the said Court to make an Order for the Seizure, carrying away, and detaining in safe Custody, all Copies of the Libel in the Possession of any such Person or Persons, or in the Possession of any other Person or Persons named in such Order, for his or their Use, Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and every such Order so made shall and may be carried into effect, in such and the same Manner as any Order made by the Court of Justiciary, or any Circuit Court of Justiciary, may be carried into effect according to the Law and Practice of Scotland: Provided always, that in the Event of any Person or Persons being reponed against any such Sentence of Fugitation, and being thereafter acquitted, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid; and in all other Cases, the Copies so seized shall be disposed of in such Manner as the said Court may direct.

s. 4. “That if any Person shall be legally convicted of having, after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel, or any such seditious Libel as aforesaid, and shall, after being so convicted, offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s-bench, such Person may, on such second Conviction, be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as may now by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanors, or to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions, for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction shall take place shall order.

s. 5. “That in case any Person so sentenced and ordered to be banished as aforesaid, shall not depart from this United Kingdom within Thirty Days after the pronouncing of such Sentence and Order as aforesaid, for the Purpose of going into such Banishment as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty to convey such Person to such Parts out of the Dominions of His said Majesty, as His Majesty by and with the Advice of his Privy Council shall direct.

s. 6. “That if any Offender, who shall be so ordered by any such Court as aforesaid to be banished in manner aforesaid shall, after the End of Forty Days from the Time such Sentence and Order hath been pronounced, be at large within any Part of the United Kingdom, or any other Part of His Majesty’s Dominions, without some lawful Cause, before the Expiration of the Term for which such Offender shall have been so ordered to be banished as aforesaid, every such Offender being so at large as aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be transported to such Place as shall be appointed by His Majesty for any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years; and such Offender may be tried, either before any Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, for the County, City, Liberty, Borough, or Place where such Offender shall be apprehended and taken, or where he or she was sentenced to Banishment; and the Clerk of Assize, Clerk of the Peace, or other Clerk or Officer of the Court having the Custody of the Records where such Order of Banishment shall have been made, shall, when thereunto required on His Majesty’s Behalf, make out and give a Certificate in Writing, signed by him, containing the Effect and Substance only (omitting the formal Part) of every Indictment and Conviction of such Offender, and of the Order for his or her Banishment, to the Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, where such Offender shall be indicted, for which Certificate Six Shillings and Eight Pence, and no more, shall be paid, and which Certificate shall be sufficient Proof of the Conviction and Order for Banishment of any such Offender.”

The remaining clauses relate to the mode of proceeding in case of former conviction, limitation of actions, &c.

11 G. 4. & 1 W. 4. c. 73. “An act to repeal so much of an Act of the Sixtieth Year of His late Majesty King George the Third, for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; and to provide some further Remedy against the Abuse of publishing Libels.

“Whereas by an Act passed in the Sixtieth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Third, intituled An Act for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, it was amongst other things enacted, that if any Person should, after the passing of that Act, be legally convicted of having composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel or any such seditious Libel as in the said Act is before mentioned, and should after being so convicted offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer, or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s Bench, such Person might on such second Conviction be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as might by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanour, or to be banished from the United Kingdom and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction should take place should order: And whereas it is expedient to repeal so much of the said Act as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; Be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much and such Parts of the said Act as relate to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence be and the same is hereby wholly repealed.”

It hath been ruled that the finding a libel on a bookseller’s shelf is a publication of it by the bookseller; and that it is no excuse to say that the servant took it into the shop without the master’s knowledge; for the law presumes the master to be acquainted with what the servant does. Rex v. Dodd, 1 Sess. Cas. 33.—Burn’s Justice of the Peace, vol. 3, p. 292, Art. Libel. See Publications, Periodical.

Licence. See Printing.


library binding

The business of providing specialized binding services to public, private, institutional, and other libraries. Library binding, like job binding, relies heavily on handwork, supplemented by the use of specialized equipment, such as sewing machines, rounding and backing machines, board cutters, blocking presses, smashing and nipping machines, etc. The services offered by library binders include prebinding, rebinding, serial (periodical or magazine) binding, pamphlet and adhesive binding, box and portfolio construction, general repair work, and, in some binderies, rebinding and/or restoring rare or valuable books, Bibles, etc.

Library binding must provide a book which will open fairly easily and retain its shape after repeated openings. It must also possess sufficient durability to last as long as the paper on which the book is printed, and be priced in accordance with the quality of the work. See also: BOOKBINDING; LIBRARY SEWING; OVERSEWING.

Clough, Eric A. Bookbinding for librarians. London. Association of Assistant Librarians. 1957.

Drewery, R. F. Library binderies. London. Library Association. (Library Association pamphlet no. 3). 1950.

Library Association. Library Binding Institute standard for library binding. 5th ed. Boston. Library Binding Institute. 1971.

Remploy Limited. An introduction to library binding. Newcastle-under-Lyme. Remploy. 1967.


Library Binding Institute

A trade association of commercial library bookbinders of the United States and Canada, suppliers to the bookbinding industry and institutional bookbinders. One of the Institute's principal objectives is to inspect and certify library binderies as to the quality of materials and level of workmanship in the books they bind. No library bindery whose binding fails to meet the Institute's standards promulgated on January 1, 1958, can warrant its binding to be Library Binding and, therefore, to be in compliance with all the requirements of the Library Binding Institute standard for library binding.

Library Binding Institute. Library binding handbook. Rev. ed. Boston. Library Binding Institute. 1971.


library buckram

1. A heavy weight cotton fabric possessing the qualities called for in the minimum specifications for Class "A" library binding. See also: BOOK CLOTH; BUCKRAM. 2. A trade name sometimes incorrectly applied to all book cloths of a similar nature, e.g., all coated cloths, all impregnated cloths, etc.


library corners

See illustration</> A book corner in which the covering material, instead of being cut and abutted, has the excess taken up in two diagonal folds, one under each turn-in. The library corner is the standard corner used by library binders in the United States. Also called "Dutch corner. Cf: SQUARE CORNER. See also: CORNER MITERING; ROUND CORNER.

Carlsen, Darvey E. Graphic arts. 4th ed. Peoria, Ill. Bennett. 1970. Carter

Hague, Clifford Wilson. Printing and allied graphic arts. Milwaukee. Bruce. 1957.

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.


library edition

1. A more or less obsolete term for an edition, series or set of books, produced in a uniform format to differentiate it from another edition. 2. A book supposedly or actually printed on a better quality of paper, bound in a stronger manner than the customary edition binding, and intended for use in a library. See also: PRE-LIBRARY BOUND.


library sewing

A method of sewing the sections of a book on tapes that stemmed originally from the relaxation of the (high) standards set for craft bookbinding, in which a book was always sewn on raised bands (See: FLEXIBLE SEWING), and had a TIGHT BACK.

The need for both economy and the HOLLOW BACK, which caused the open book to lie flatter, led to the introduction of sewing on (four) tapes, which was the basic sewing for library books for many years. Today, however, and especially in the United States, OVERSEWING is more nearly synonymous with library sewing. See also: TAPE SEWING.

American Library Association. Editorial Committee. Subcommittee on library terminology. A. L. A. glossary of library terms, with a selection of terms in related fields. Compiled by Elizabeth H. Thompson. Chicago. American Library Association. 1943.


library stamp

A rubber stamp cut with the name of the library in relief, and used to indicate ownership on the title page or other pages of a book. In some cases it is used to identify the publication upon receipt by the library, i.e., before the book is processed, and is sometimes used in lieu of a BOOKPLATE.


library style book

A book that is sewn through the folds, usually on (four) tapes but sometimes on the same number of cords, and has split boards, a leather spine with vellum tips, cloth or paper sides, and French joints. The term is now obsolete.

Lewis, Arthur William. Basic bookbinding. New York. Dover, 1957.

Practical printing and binding; Odhams complete guide to the printer's craft, edited by Harry Whetton. 3rd ed. London. Odhams Books. 1965.


library style endpaper

An endpaper with a visible cloth joint, consisting of two folded white sheets attached by the cloth strip, and with decorative marbled or colored sheets glued to the opposing white sheets. The waste sheet is not cut completely away, a stub or tongue being left for insertion between split boards. This style of endpaper is associated with library binding of the 19th century.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


lift

1. A quantity of sheets of paper or board which can readily be lifted from one operation to another. 2. The maximum number of sheets of paper placed at one time under the knife of a cutting machine. 3. The thickness of a "section" sewn in an oversewing machine.

Gazurian, Johnny A. The advertising & graphic arts glossary. Los Angeles. Los Angeles Trade-Technical College. 1966.

Stevenson, George A. Graphic arts encyclopedia. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1968.


LIFT

When a work is nearly completed, and perfect copies are required before the whole number can be worked off at press, it is customary when all the matter has been composed, and there is not convenience to lay every form on at a different press, to print short numbers of each, in order to make perfect books as soon as possible; thus, if there be 3000 copies of a work printing, 250 of each of the few last sheets may be worked, and when the pressmen have printed this number of one form and taken it off the press for the purpose of laying on another form, it is said they lift, or, they have lifted. This frequently takes place in periodical works, such as magazines, reviews, &c.; and also occasionally when a superior proof is wanted, or two or three copies of any thing particular are required, that will not admit of waiting till a press is off with its regular number: in these latter instances, the pressmen endeavour to pull them without the tympans, with a few sheets of proof paper over the form, that they may not disturb their overlays and making ready; and they mark the quoins which secured their form on the press, that they may replace it exactly in its situation with as little waste of time and paper as possible.

In the warehouse, each separate portion of printed paper, whether it consists of five or six sheets or more, that is placed upon the poles to dry, is termed a lift.


lifting

See: PICKING.


LIGATURES

Two or more letters joined together, and cast on the same shank, are in a printing office called Ligatures.

The ligatures now used are few in number, having been reduced to æ, ﬀ, ﬃ, ﬄ, ﬁ, ﬂ, and œ; within the last thirty years we had, in addition, ct, as also ſb, ſh, ſi, ſk, ſl, ſſ, and ſt, which are now discarded, in consequence of our confining ourselves entirely to the s. In the leaf of an old book, De vita & gestis Scanderbegi, now lying before me, there are the following additional ones,—as, at, cta, et, es, ius, is, ij, iu, ll, ns, st, ſs, ſp, ta, and us.

I do not think it was an improvement to change the shape of the &, which, till the alteration, was really a ligature, being e and t joined together; the modern character has no meaning in it, neither the Roman & nor the Italic &.

Earl Stanhope proposed to abolish the present ligatures, by making the f more upright without being kerned, so as to admit an i, an l, or another f after it, and to introduce other ligatures, or, as he termed them, ‘logotypes,’ that more frequently occur, viz. th, in, an, re, se, to, of, and on.

Smith, in his Printer’s Grammar, says that Mr. Caslon introduced the ſb and the ſk.—See Bill, Logotype.

Light Work. See Easy Work.—M. Also Good Work.

Lines. See Companionship.


LIGATURES

Two or more letters cast on the same shank, as ﬀ, ﬁ, ﬂ, ﬃ, ﬄ, æ, œ.


light fast

See: FAST COLORS.


light Italian marble

A marble pattern characterized by a network of fine veins or lines. The usual marble of this pattern consists of four colors, each successive color requiring more gall and water than the preceding, so that each will spread into large spots in such a manner as to drive the other colors into veins. When the different colors and gall water have been properly adjusted to each other and dropped on the surface of the size, clear gall water, of an even stronger concentration than any contained in the colors, is sprinkled evenly over the entire surface; this drives the colors into the fine hair veins for which this marble is noted. Light Italian is closely identified with the country from which it derives its name, being found often as endpapers in Italian books of the late 18th and 19th centuries, and occasionally as cover papers. The size for this marble is usually a mixture of gun tragacanth and flea seed.

Loring, Rosamond Bowditch. Decorated book papers…1st ed. 1942; 2nd ed. 1952. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.


lignin

A highly polymeric material occurring with cellulose in plant material, and which is considered to be largely responsible for the strength of the wood. Lignin is usually determined as the residue left on hydrolysis of the plant material with strong acids after resins, waxes, tannins, and other extractives have been removed. Softwoods give from 26 to 34% lignin with a methoxyl content of about 15%, while hardwoods give 16 to 24% lignin with a methoxyl content of about 21%.

The nature of lignin is not fully understood, but it is considered to be a complex cross-linked, highly aromatic structure of high molecular weight, i.e., about 10,000. It cannot be hydrolyzed by acids, but is readily oxidizable. It is soluble in hot alkali and bisulfate, and condenses readily with phenol and thio compounds. Lignin is not a compound but a system, and its composition varies both with the method of isolation used and with the species, age, growing conditions, etc., of the tree or lignified material. It is more or less completely removed during chemical pulping operations in paper manufacture but none is removed by mechanical pulping. It is further removed or modified by bleaching sequences to give pulps of greater brightness.

So-called sulfite cellulose (which is more appropriately called "sulfite lignin extract"), when adjusted to a pH of between 3.0 and 5.0, has a tanning action resembling that of the vegetable tannins. When used alone, however, it produces a brown leather that tends to be thin and hard, with low tan fixation. It is used chiefly at the end of some vegetable tannages to improve the fullness and firmness of the leather, especially in those cases where the leather is to be sold by weight.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

Casey, James P. Pulp and pa per: chemistry and chemical technology. 2nd ed. New York. Interscience. 1960-61. 3 vol.

Langwell, William Herbert. The conservation of books and documents. London. Pitman. 1957

Plungerian, Mark. Cellulose chemistry. Brooklyn. Chemical Publishing Co. 1943.

Sharphouse, John Henry. The leatherworker's handbook. London. Leather Producers' Association. 1963.


lime blast

A defect in leather, characterized by a rough grain surface and/or hard or dark colored patches, or patchy dyeing. It is caused by excessive exposure to air of a limed skin, resulting in some of the lime being converted by atmospheric carbon dioxide into insoluble calcium carbonate. Prolonged exposure may also cause some drying of the skin, resulting in hard, brownish, translucent patches in the finished leather.


lime fleshing

The process of FLESHING hides and skins subsequent to the liming operation. See also: GREEN FLESHING.


lime liquor

A saturated limewater containing slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) greatly in excess of saturation and used, usually along with sodium sulfide, for loosening and degrading the hair and other epidermal structures of hides and skins. See also: LIMING.

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


lime slaking

The process of treating caustic lime or calcium hydroxide with water to produce slaked lime for use in LIMING. See also: LIME LIQUOR.


limed rawhide

A translucent or opaque material produced from cattle hide after the limed hide has been dried, subsequent to unhairing and fleshing. No tanning process is employed.

British Standards Institution. British standard glossary of leather terms. B. S. 2780: 1956. London. British Standards Institution.


liming

One of the beamhouse operations employed in leather manufacture. Its purpose is to degrade, and thereby loosen, the epidermal structure of hide or skin, including the hair, epidermis, sweat glands, etc., so that they may be removed. Methods of liming vary both in the chemicals used and in procedures. Unhairing and liming can be carried out simultaneously by immersing the skins in the lime and water mixture, often with the addition of other chemicals known as sharpeners, e.g., sodium sulfide.

Lime, which is calcium oxide (CaO), reacts violently with water to form hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)), which can be used with safety in liming and unhairing because it will not damage the collagen fibers of the skin, assuming it is properly used. This is because calcium hydroxide is not very soluble in water, and, in fact, a saturated lime solution contains only approximately 1/8 part lime per 100 parts water. Even this limited solubility, however, is sufficient to produce a solution with a pH in the range of 12.4 or 12.5, and, under such very alkaline conditions, some of the young keratin protein decomposes to produce sulfur compounds in the lime liquor. These compounds, in conjunction with the lime, accentuate the further breakdown of keratin. The lime therefore promotes unhairing, and the more keratin breakdown impurities it contains, the more rapidly it unhairs. Liming, however, must be carried out with extreme care, as the alkali also modifies and will eventually degradate t he collagen fibers of the skin. Skins limed for an overly prolonged time produce thin, loose, and weak leather.

Liming also causes the hide or skin to swell. In order to promote gradual and uniform swelling, so as to avoid distortion or buckling of the stock, the skins are left in the lime solution for 1 to 2 days, following which a sharpener is usually added to promote the process. The addition of sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH), sodium cyanide (NaCN), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2(CO)3), dimethylamines, etc., quickens the process in two ways: 1) by attacking the keratin, resulting in faster loosening of the hair; and 2) by increasing the alkalinity, and, therefore, the rate of swelling. If too much sharpener is added too quickly, however, rapid unhairing results, accompanied by excessive swelling of the surfaces of the skin, while the interior remains unswollen. This results in buckling, which makes subsequent unhairing, fleshing (if not done before liming), or splitting difficult. It may also result in permanent distortion and weakness of the grain, and, in addition, any naturally occurring wrinkles or "growth marks" may become accentuated. After liming, the skins are then ready for UNHAIRING.

O'Flaherty, Fred, and others, eds. The chemistry and technology of leather. New York. Reinhold. (American Chemical Society monograph series, no. 134. 1956-65. 4 vol.

Royal Society of Arts. London. Committee on Leather for Bookbinding. Report of the committee on leather for bookbinding… London. Bell. 1905.


limited edition

An edition of a book that is frequently printed on superior paper and bound more luxuriously than other editions. It is, by definition, printed in relatively limited numbers (seldom more than 1,500, usually about 150 to 500, and at times as few as 10) and sold at a premium price. The copies often contain a printed notice, which usually faces the title page, indicating the number of copies issued and a space in which to write the copy number of an individual copy. The copies may be signed by the author. A copy of a limited edition may or may not be more valuable than a copy of another edition.

Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.


Limp

A cover without boards or other stiff materials, allowing the sides to be pliable.


limp binding

A book which does not have stiff boards but instead has flexible cloth, leather, vellum, or paper sides, which may or may not be lined. The term, however, is seldom applied to paper sides. (See: SELF-COVER.) Limp vellum bindings for blankbooks were being produced at least as early as the 14th century and probably earlier. This type of binding was not a craft binding, however; it was more convenient to bind the thin blankbooks of that time in limp covers. Other limp vellum bindings were produced in relatively great numbers in the 16th and 17th centuries, but the limp vellum binding declined thereafter until revived by the private presses near the end of the 19th century. In the last quarter of the 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th, limp leather was commonly used for books to be carried in the pocket, but for the past century or so limp bindings have been largely restricted to devotional books, diaries, and sentimental verse, sometimes in the YAPP STYLE.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


limp binding

Binding with a thin and yielding cover. A perfectly limp leather book can be rolled up easily.


limp suede

An obsolete term applied to an OOZE LEATHER finished in gray, and sometimes used as a book covering material.

Porte, Roy Trewin. Dictionary of printing terms. 4th ed. Salt Lake City. Porte. 1941.


limp vellum

See: LIMP BINDING.


Line formers

Brass rule bent in various shapes to aid in making curved lines of type.


line tool

See: FILLET (1); GOUGE; PALLET (1)


linen

A cloth (and sewing thread) made from straw of the flax plant, genus Linum, and especially L. usitatissimum. The stems are steeped in water to remove resinous matter and allow fermentation to take place. After fermentation is completed, the fibrous material is separated from the woody matter and spun into thread. The cellulose content of linen fibers ranges between 70 and 80%. The fibers, which appear flat like those of cotton, are thicker than cotton fibers, have knots and joints, as well as transverse markings and creasings, and are very tough, can be bleached white, and take dyes more readily than cotton. The chlorine test stains linen fibers a claret red.

Coupe, Raymond Richard. Science of printing technology. London. Cassell. 1966.

Grant, Julius. Books & documents; dating, permanence and preservation. London. Grafton. 1937.


linen buckram

A BUCKRAM made with a base of linen rather than cotton.


linen paper

A paper made from LINEN rags with or without the addition of other pulps.


Linen-finish buckram

Polished buckram and satin-finish book cloth. Manufactured by Jos. Bancroft & Sons Co., Rockford, near Wilmington, Del. (New York agent, Albert D. Smith, 35–37 Thomas St., New York.) The special features of these cloths, in which it is claimed they are superior, are uniformity of color, finish and fabric, wearing qualities, tensile strength, and easy application of decoration, ink or metal.


liner and headbanding machine

An edition binding machine which lines the spines of books with cloth or paper and attaches the headbands. It has a capacity of 4 to 11 1/2 inches, head to tail, 2 1/2 to 8 1/2 inches in width, and 1/4 to 2 inches in thickness. See also: TRIPLE LINER AND HEADBANDING MACHINE.

Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


Liner.

1. A sheet of paper of an appropriate thickness attached to the inner surface of the board of a book, usually one that is to be fully covered in leather. The liner causes the board to curve convexly to the text block. This curvature will be straightened by the shrinkage of the leather which covers the outside of the board. In order to prevent warping of the cover at a later time, the grain direction of the lining paper should be parallel to the spine of the book. 2. The outer layers of any kind of paperboard which varies in color or quality from the middle or other parts of the board.

Gazurian, Johnny A. The advertising & graphic arts glossary. Los Angeles. Los Angeles Trade-Technical College. 1966.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


lining

See: SPINE LINING.


lining paper

See: PASTEDOWN.


lining paper

The coloured or marbled paper at each end of the volume.


lining paper

The coloured or marbled paper at each end of the volume. Called also end-papers.


lining paper

The colored or marbled paper at each end of a book. Called also End papers, which see.


lining skiver

A leather split somewhat thinner than the usual SKIVER and used for lining the inside of the limp leather covers of Bibles and other limp bindings.


link sewing

See: CATCH STITCH.


linotype

A typesetting machine that casts an entire line of type in one slug. The machine holds a number of single matrices in a magazine, which are released as the keyboard is operated, and are assembled in proper sequence with appropriate spaces separating the words. The spaces justify the completed line as it is brought to the orifice of a mold, where it is cast as a single type-high slug. Linotype is one of the typecasting machines used by library binders. The linotype machine was invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler and has been in use since 1890. See also: MONOTYPE.

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.

Stevenson, George A. Graphic arts encyclopedia. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1968.


linseed oil

A pale yellow drying oil extracted from ground flax seed genus Linum, and especially L. usitatissimum, and used occasionally in the 19th century as a marbling size. It was never used as extensively as GUM TRAGACANTH or FLEA SEED.

Linseed oil is also used in the manufacture of some printing inks and in some finishing processes in leather manufacture.


linson

The trade name of a particularly strong type of paper used in the manufacture of edition bindings. It is sometimes embossed in imitation of linen cloth, and is manufactured in many colors and finishes. It is used as a substitute for woven cloths.

Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.

Percival, George Stanley, and Rigby Graham. Unsewn binding. 2nd ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1966.


linters

See: COTTON LINTERS.


lipped

A method of accommodating a THROW OUT that is longer than the trimmed height of the book. A portion of a leaf to be folded adjacent to the gutter margin is cut away, i.e., lipped, so that the remaining portion may be folded without buckling and creasing the binding margin.


list of signatures

See: REGISTER (2).


LITERAL ERRORS

By literal errors in printing, are understood the mistakes of the compositors in single letters only, viz. the taking up a wrong letter, or inverting a right letter; the term is never applied to either outs or doubles.