Japanese vellum

A thick paper produced in Japan from native fibers that are of relatively great length. The paper has a very cloudy formation and is tough and durable. The color is usually cream or natural, and the paper is finished with a smooth surface. Japanese vellum is suitable for engravings, etc., or where a very durable paper is required. An imitation, made by treating ordinary paper with sulfuric acid, is sometimes called "Japon."

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.


Japanned ox hide

Virtually the same leather as ENAMELLED HIDE but finished with a plain, flat surface.

Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology

US Government publication (Library of Congress), published openly in electronic edition by CoOL. Not a Gutenberg/pre-1930 public-domain text -- verify rights before reprinting rather than quoting.


japon

An imitation JAPANESE VELLUM.


javelle water

A dilute bleaching solution prepared either from sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or potassium hypochlorite (KOCl), the former being the stronger of the two. It was at one time widely used for bleaching purposes, but its use in the bleaching of archival papers has been superseded by the use of milder agents, such as calcium hypochlorite (CaOCl).

Labarre, E. J. Dictionary and encyclopaedia of paper and papermaking. 2nd ed. London. Oxford University Press. 1952.


javelle water

To one pound of chloride of lime add four and a half pints of water, and put in a jar with tight cover. Dissolve 20 oz. of ordinary washing soda in four and a half pints of boiling water, in a separate vessel, and immediately pour into the first mixture. When cold add enough water to make eleven pints in all. Strain through muslin, settle, and pour off the clear solution. This will remove many stains; but care must be taken to rinse thoroughly the paper with water after using it, as it tends to rot paper.

Public domain (Project Gutenberg, pre-1930 text)


Jeff

To throw for the first choice with em quadrates instead of dice.

The American Printer: A Manual of Typography


jeweled bindings

Bookbindings having gilt metal plates covered with enamel work and plaques in metal or ivory, and embellished with jewels. Jeweled bindings were produced in many areas of the Continent of Europe, notably in France and Germany, from about the 6th to the 14th centuries, and in England during the Middle Ages. Very few, however, have survived intact. These jeweled covers actually represented the work of the jeweler, goldsmith, and silversmith, more than the bookbinder. Jewels were also at times used on leather bindings in the 19th century, but it was not until shortly after the turn of the century that the jeweled binding became an established style, culminating in Sangorski's GREAT OMAR.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.


jiggering

1. The procedure employed in BLIND TOOLING, in which, after an initial quick application of the heated finishing tool to "set" the leather in the impression, the tool is impressed a second time and rocked slightly, imparting a polished and darkened surface to the base of the impression. 2. The process employed in imparting dark lines on the spine of a book. usually on either side of the raised bands, by means of a string or strings drawn back and forth rapidly across the leather. The device used in this procedure is known as the "jigger bands," and usually consists of one or two lengths of cord stretched between two wooden handles.

Crane, W. J. E. Bookbinding for amateurs…New York. Scribner. 1903.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


JOB

Any thing which printed does not exceed a sheet, is termed a Job, and is paid for extra to the compositor, because there is no return of furniture or of letter: he has generally to put up fresh cases, and has some additional trouble in getting the right letter, and in making up the furniture. See Scale of Prices.


job backer

An iron screw press with opposing steel jaws and a screw that operates horizontally. It is used in backing books by hand, usually those too large to fit into the ROUNDING AND BACKING MACHINES.

Hitchcock, Frederick H. The building of a book…2nd ed. New York. Bowker. 1929.


job binding

A general term applied to small binding jobs of a miscellaneous nature. Job binding does not utilize fully automatic equipment, as is found in large edition binderies, but relies instead on handwork, either alone or in conjunction with some machine operations. The job binder produces smaller lots of edition bindings and also binding that cannot be accommodated by automatic equipment, such as Bibles and prayer books bound YAPP STYLE.

By accepted definition, job binding does not include LIBRARY BINDING, although the two are similar in many respects.

Strauss, Victor. The printing industry…Washington, D.C. Printing Industries in America. 1967.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


JOB HOUSE

A printing office, the general run of business in which is the printing of Jobs; namely, cards, shop bills, bills for articles stolen, or lost, play bills, lottery bills, large posting bills, and all other things of a similar description. These houses seldom execute book work to any extent, as their materials, particularly with respect to types, are not calculated for it; and few houses undertake both kinds of work to any great degree. The principal job houses in London have a variety of types, both as to size and shape, such as few or no book houses ever think of laying in; consequently they are enabled to execute such work in a style superior to that in which a book house could, with regard to producing effect, and, in general, more expeditiously. Jobbing is an extensive business in London. See Book House.

Johnson, Richard. See Donations.


job ticket

A printed form, often in the form of an envelope, on which instructions pertaining to a printing or binding job are recorded. Also called "jacket." See also: BINDING SLIP.

Gazurian, Johnny A. The advertising & graphic arts glossary. Los Angeles. Los Angeles Trade-Technical College. 1966.


jog

The operation of producing a smooth-sided pile of sheets or sections by knocking or vibrating the material against a smooth, flat surface. either by hand or by means of a mechanical device known as a JOGGER. See also: KNOCKING UP.

Kantrowitz, Morris S., and others. Printing and allied trades. 5th ed. New York. Pitman. 1962.


jogger

A vibrating device used to produce a smooth-sided pile of paper stock before trimming, folding, binding, etc., or to align and position any material for any purpose during a production run. The jogger may be a unit or a part of a printing press delivery system. Joggers are employed at the press or cutter in small printing shops and binderies, in label factories, and in the gathering machines of newspaper printing plants.


JOIN

When two or more compositors are employed on the same piece of work, and one of them composes all his copy, so that there is no intervening matter between his copy and that in the hands of another of the companions who has followed him, he says, he has joined, or, he has set up close. Also, if a compositor be on a piece of work without a companion, and from any cause he be obliged to suspend composing one part of his copy, and to proceed with a succeeding part; then, when he has been enabled to compose this intervening part, and has got it completed, he says, he has joined, or, he has joined his matter.


joint

1. The exterior juncture of the spine and covers of a (usually) case-bound book. Although the term "joint" is often used to indicate the internal juncture of the board paper and fly leaf of a book, the more appropriate term here is HINGE (1). See also: CLOSED JOINT; FRENCH JOINT; LACING-IN; SUPPORTED FRENCH JOINT. 2. The sections at the front and back of a blankbook, consisting of one plain and one waste sheet, connected by a strip of linen, buckram, or other relatively heavy material, and lined with a plain or marbled paper. The plain sheet is glued to the first (and last) leaf of the book and the waste leaves to the boards. 3. Any location at which two adherends are joined by a layer of adhesive.

Cockerell, Douglas. Bookbinding, and the care of books; a textbook for bookbinders and librarians. 5th ed. London. Pitman. 1971.

Library Association. Library Binding Institute standard for library binding. 5th ed. Boston. Library Binding Institute. 1971.


joint

The projections formed in backing to admit the boards; applied also to the inside when the volume is covered.


joint

The projection formed in backing to admit the mill-boards. The leather or cloth placed from the projection on to the mill-board is called a joint.

The Art of Bookbinding: A Practical Treatise


joint

(1) the groove formed in backing to receive the ends of the mill-boards. (2) The part of the binding that bends when the boards are opened. (3) Strips of leather or cloth used to strengthen the end papers.


joint

The projections formed in backing to admit the boards. Also the leather or cloth, with its lining, where it passes from the book proper to the boards when the volume is covered; that is, the part of the binding that bends when the boards are opened. See also French joint.


joint rod

A strip of wood or plastic, flat on one side and curved on the other, and placed between the board and SPRING-BACK (1) of a blankbook to form a groove when the book is pressed. To prevent the rod or board from pressing on the spring-back, the board is set a distance from the edge of the rod, usually 1/8 inch.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


JOINTS

Tympan joints, and frisket joints.—M.

Justifiers. See Quotation Quadrats.


jordan

A type of REFINER consisting of a conical plug which fits into a matching conical shell. The outside of the plug and the inner surface of the shell are fitted with knives or bars. The plug is pushed into the shell to the point where the knives or bars of each are almost touching. When fibrous stock in solution enters the shell, usually at its smaller end, the knives or bars of the rotating plug and stationary shell mascerate the fibrous material and help reduce it further.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


journeyman bookbinder

A bookbinder who has learned the aspects of the trade of bookbinding. The term "journeyman" refers to the previous practice of workmen journeying from place to place to work in different shops in order to acquire a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of the craft. The term no longer has much significance in the United States, although it is used in some trades in describing a person who has completed a training program.


jump

1. A term applied to the problem of books slipping from under the guillotine clamp during trimming. 2. A section or sections of a book which slip out of position during the backing operation. See also: START.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


Justification

The observance that the pages of a volume agree and are parallel throughout, so as to insure a straight and equal margin.


Justification

The process of making the pages of a book lie opposite one another to insure a straight and equal margin throughout.


Justifie a Stick

viz. a *Composing-stick*. See § 22. ¶ 4.


JUSTIFY A STICK;

viz. a composing stick. Screwing the slides of his composing stick to the measure wanted—M.


JUSTIFY THE PULL

Putting additional cards into the mortises of the cheeks of a press, or taking some out, as the case may require, in order to regulate the pull: for a small light form, the pressure requires to be comparatively slight; but for a large, solid form of small letters, it requires a heavy soaking pull to do justice to the work; in this case, additional cards are put into the mortises of the head. This refers only to the wooden press; for justifying the pull of iron presses, <i>see</i> under the respective articles.


JUSTIFYING

Spacing a line out so that it fits with a proper degree of tightness in the measure of the composing stick;—placing a wood cut in a page, and filling up the vacancies with leads, scaleboards, quadrats, quotations, or furniture, so that when the form is locked up, the wood cut shall be fast, and the lines above and below it even;—fixing any other matter in a similar way in a page.—With pressmen, putting cards into the head of a wooden press, and screwing it up until the pull be proper, is termed Justifying the Head, or  Justifying the Pull. See Hard Pull.

Justifying the Head. This amounts to the same thing as justifying the pull, which see.

Justifying Links. See Composing.


JUSTIFYING

Spacing out lines accurately.


jute

An Indian bast fiber obtained from white jute, Corchorus capsularis, the Tossa jute, C. olitorius, and other species of Corchorus. It is used in making burlap, gunny sacking. etc., which in turn have been used to provide fibers used in papermaking. Jute fibers are weaker and less durable than flax or hemp, and relatively easily rotted by water. An average clean sample of jute contains approximately 69.35% cellulose and 18.82% lignin.

Casey, James P. Pulp and pa per: chemistry and chemical technology. 2nd ed. New York. Interscience. 1960-61. 3 vol.

Grant, Julius. Books & documents; dating, permanence and preservation. London. Grafton. 1937.


jute board

A board used occasionally as a binder's board, produced from jute stock along with chemical wood pulp. The board is said to be strong and lightweight.


juvenile picture-book binding

A style of binding in which the illustration of the BOOK JACKET is usually incorporated in the case and the book itself is given a sturdy binding suitable for use by children. See also: SCENIC BINDING.


Kairouan bindings

See: COPTIC BINDINGS.


kangaroo skin

The skin of the herbivorous marsupials (family Macropodidae) of Australia, New Guinea, etc., which when properly tanned, makes a supple and durable bookbinding leather. Today, it is generally chrome tanned with a glazed finish, thus making it unsuitable for use as a bookbinding leather. It is said to be stronger, weight for weight, than any other leather.

Tanners' Council of America, Inc. Dictionary of leather terminology. 6th ed. New York. Tanners' Council of America. 1969.


kaolin

A fine clay mass, usually white in color, and made up principally of clay mineral kaolinite. The kaolin clays have the approximate formula (2SiO2 . 2H2O); however, they also contain small amounts of other minerals, as well as impurities. Kaolin is used extensively as a coating and filling clay in the manufacture of paper. See also: PAPER CLAY.

British Paper and Board Makers' Association. Paper making; a general account of its history, processes and applications. Rev. ed. London. British Paper and Board Makers' Association. 1965.


karaya gum

A gum derived from the dried exudation of the Indian tree Sterculia urens. In the deacetylated form, it is used as a fiber deflocculating agent for the long-fibered paper pulps. Karaya gum is also used as an economical substitute for GUM TRAGACANTH, as the size for marbling water. It is also known as "Indian tragacanth," and colloquially as "gum hog."

Mayer, Ralph. A dictionary of art terms and techniques. New York. Crowell. 1969.


Keep in

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the *Compositer*, when there may be doubt of *Driving out* his *Matter* beyond his *Counting off*, wherefore he *Sets close*, to *Keep in*.


Keep in

To crowd in by thin spacing.


KEEP IN,

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when there may be doubt of driving out his matter beyond his counting off: wherefore he sets close, to Keep in.—M.


Keep out

is a caution either given to or resolved on, by the *Compositer*, when there may be doubt of *Getting in* his *Matter* too fast for his *Counting off*: Wherefore he *Sets Wide*, to *Drive* or *Keep out*.


Keep out

To drive out or expand matter by wide spacing.


KEEP OUT,

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when there may be doubt of getting in his matter too fast for his counting off: wherefore he sets wide, to drive or keep out.—M. This term is not now used; we say Drive out, which see.


keratin

The fibrous protein material of the hair and epidermis of a hide or skin, which represents approximately 2.0o of the protein composition of the skin.

Sharphouse, John Henry. Leather technicians handbook. New ed. London. Leather Producers' Association. 1971.


Keratol

the B B B grade, or Buffingette manufactured by the Keratol Company, cor. Clifford and Van Buren Sts., Newark, N. J., at 35 cents per yard. A waterproof cloth made in imitation of leather. It is excellent for the sides of books which receive much wear, as it does not show either finger or water marks, and outlasts the ordinary book cloth. It cannot be recommended for full binding as it is difficult to letter and wears away quickly at the joints. At first it has a disagreeable odor, but this wears off. An objectionable feature is that labels cannot easily be pasted upon it. To overcome this difficulty, put a thin coat of shellac on the place where the label is to go. The objectionable point mentioned is overbalanced by the material’s good qualities.


keratose

The degradation product of KERATIN. During the action of the lime liquors on the epithelial cells of the epidermis and sebaceous glands, degradation products are formed which remain in the hides and skins after unhairing, scudding, and washing. They are present, in the form of viscous solutions or jellies adhering to the structures of the thermostat layer, in the region just under the grain surface. They are not readily visible under the microscope, but are precipitated as flocculent masses upon contact with acid solutions. They are removed by the action of enzymes during BATING, and, if not properly removed, will result in a grainy surface that is thick, spongy, and irregular, suggesting the presence of keratose precipitated in the grain layer.

Sharphouse, John Henry. The leatherworker's handbook. London. Leather Producers' Association. 1963.

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


kerf

A shallow cut, approximately 1/32 inch deep, made between 1/4 and 1/2 inch from the head and tail on the backs of the gathered sections of a text block. The loops of the kettle stitches fit into the kerfs and consequently do not show as lumps under the leather of a TIGHT BACK binding. The term is also applied, although somewhat inaccurately, to the saw cuts made for the cords used in RECESSED-CORD SEWING.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


KERN

Kerned letters are such as have part of their face hanging over one side or both sides of their shanks.—M.


Kerned letter

Type of which a part of the face hangs over the body.


kettle stitch

See illustration</> The stitch made near the head and tail of a book sewn on tapes or cords, and which holds the sections (other than the first and last) together. The term may be a corruption of "catch-up stitch," or "Kettel stitch" (the stitch that forms a little chain). Sometimes called "ketch stitch."

Bouchot, Henry Francois X. M. The book; its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London. Grevel. 1890.

Darley, Lionel S. Bookbinding, then and now…London. Faber and Faber. 1959.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.


Kettle-Stitch

The stitch which the sewer makes at the head and tail of a book; said to be a corruption of chain-stitch.


Kettle-Stitch

A catch-stitch formed in sewing at the head and foot.

Bib-li-op-e-gis-tic: Pertaining to the Art of Binding Books


Kettle-Stitch

The chain-stitch which the sewer makes at the head and tail of a book. A corruption of either chain-stitch, or catch-up stitch.


Kettlestitch

As the sewer draws the thread out through the hole near the end of a signature she passes it between the two preceding signatures and around the thread which connects them, before she passes it into the hole in the signature she next lays on. This is called the kettle-stitch, a word said to be a corruption of either catch-up stitch or chain stitch.


key

A bookbinder's tool, consisting of a device that somewhat resembles the prongs of a blunt fork with a circular hole at the top. It is used to secure the sewing cords to the base of the sewing frame.


KEY

A flat square hook, with a handle to put the fingers through in a transverse direction to the hook. Its use is to lift the forms out of the lye trough, after having brushed off the ink from the types, the furniture, and the chase.


key

The little instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing-press.


key

Little metal instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing press.


key

Little metal instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing bench.


khaki

A strong, durable light olive-brown to light yellowish-brown cloth, usually made from cotton and similar in texture to canvas. It makes a reasonably satisfactory covering material for books subject to hard usage, such as blankbooks; however, it is not as durable as canvas or impregnated buckram.

Klinefelter, Lee Miller. Bookbinding made easy. Rev. ed. Milwaukee. Bruce. 1960.


khari

A salt which occurs as an efflorescence on the ground in certain areas of India. It contains approximately 60% sodium sulfate, 20% magnesium sulfate, and 5% sodium chloride. It is used in DRY-SALTING hides and skins largely in the area where it is found.


kid seal

A SEALSKIN, dressed with alum and salt and oiled. It makes a soft, tough, hard-wearing leather.


kidskin

The skin of a young goat. It has a fine grain pattern, and makes a strong and flexible leather.


kieselghur

See: DIATOMACEOUS SILICA.


kinky filling

A place in a fabric where a short length of WEFT has spontaneously doubled back on itself.


kip

1. A small cattle hide. i.e., the hides of fully mature cattle, other than the buffalo, native to the Indian Subcontinent and some parts of Africa, which are smaller than those of Europe and America. 2. The skins obtained from immature European and American bovine animals that have been grass fed and which are larger than calves but smaller than fully grown cattle. Among cattle hides. a kip is one weighing between 15 and 25 pounds in the green salted state. Generally, a kip is considered to be intermediate between a hide and a skin. Leather made from kips generally has a fine, tight fiber. 3. As an abbreviation of the full term "East India tanned kip," or "E. 1. kip crust," a vegetable tanned leather made from cowhide originating in the Indian Subcontinent and tanned in India, mainly in the south, and especially around Madras.

British Standards Institution. British standard glossary of leather terms. B. S. 2780: 1956. London. British Standards Institution.

O'Flaherty, Fred, and others, eds. The chemistry and technology of leather. New York. Reinhold. (American Chemical Society monograph series, no. 134. 1956-65. 4 vol.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


Kip calf

Made from the skin of a heifer; much stronger than ordinary calf.


kiss marks

Light or white patches on vegetable tanned leathers, caused by hides and skins touching each other in the tanning pits, thus preventing the tan from penetrating the areas of contact. Kiss marks are prevented by rocking the frames which hold the skins while in the pits.


kissing the bookbinder's daughter

A trick played on a young bookbinder just finishing his apprenticeship, in which, as part of the ceremony, he must kiss the daughter of the owner of the bookbinding establishment. The prettiest girl in the shop is actually chosen for the part, and as the new journeyman steps forward to perform his part of the ceremony, which he is required to do with his eyes closed, a well-filled paste brush is substituted for the girl and the young binder gets a mouthful of paste. See also: RINGING OUT.


Knife backt Sculptor

is a Sculptor with a thin edge on its back.


knife folding machine

See: FOLDING MACHINES.


KNOCK UP

In the warehouse, is to place the sheets of each signature of a work uniformly even at the edges upon each other, after they are taken down from the poles, and previously to their being piled away.

The person who has this to do, takes a quantity of about two quires, (if it be a stout hard paper he may take a little more,) and holding it loosely at the edges with both hands, he bends the ends a little towards him, so that the paper shall form a curve; he then lifts it up a little from the table, and lets it drop upon its edge through his hands,—the curve giving the edge a little firmness, many of the sheets drop down into their places; he repeats this two or three times, and will then, in letting it drop upon the table, bring the lower part nearer to him, so that the outside of the curve may strike first, and throw the sheets gradually up higher at the back; this he will also do two or three times; he then lets the further side rest upon the table, and shuffles the upper sheets gradually away from him, lifting the whole up, and letting the edges drop upon the table, three or four times; repeating these operations soon brings all the edges even, both at the ends and sides; he then lays this taking on one side, and repeats the operation with other takings, laying them on each other, till he has completed the whole.

A soft flimsy paper takes more time in knocking up than a hard paper, as the sheets have not strength enough separately to be driven into their places by striking on the edges.


KNOCK UP A LETTER

It sometimes happens with old letter, that a letter may be worn so low that it will not print well in a page; the workman then takes that letter out of the form, and holds the shank of it upon the side of the chase, and with the head of the shooting stick beats lightly upon the foot of the shank, till he have battered metal enough out of the shank, to raise it higher against paper; if it prove too high against paper, he rubs the bottom of the shank upon the side of the chase, to rub it down. This operation seldom happens, unless another of the same sort of letter is wanting, and hard to come by: for else the compositor will bow the letter, and pop it into a waste box in his case, where he puts all naughty letters, that he may not be troubled with them another time.—M. See Bow the Letter.


KNOCK UP BALLS

To knock up balls is the term used for making balls: it is to cut the pelts to a proper size; to fill them with a proper quantity of wool; to nail them to the ball stocks; to trim them; and to put them into a working condition. See Balls.


knockers

A name given bindery workers around the turn of the century who jogged (knocked) and stacked sections as they came from the folding machines. Knocking up sections, in which some 15,000 workers were employed in the United States at the turn of the century, was one of the last hand operations in the large edition bindery.

Comparato, Frank E. Books for the millions; a history of the men whose methods and machines packaged the printed word. Harrisburg, Pa. Stackpole. 1971.


knocking down

The process of flattening any lumps or other high places on the covers of a book caused by the cords laced into the boards.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


knocking out the groove

The process employed when rebinding a book that was backed in the original binding, in which the bend in each section caused by the backing is removed. In library binding this is frequently accomplished by nipping the book before the sections are separated. In hand binding, one method is to hammer (three) sections together on the knocking-down iron, hut a more gentle (and safer) method is to bend each section individually over the edge of a board thus reversing the hacking fold. In the latter method there is no danger of disturbing the conformation of the paper fibers, as can happen when the section is hammered.

Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.

Watson Aldred Auld. Hand bookbinding a manual of instruction. New York. Reinhold. 1963.


knocking out the swell

The process of reducing the "swell" in the spine of a book sewn through the folds by hand or on a sewing machine. The swell may be caused by the addition of thread in the folds of the sections. and also, at times, by the thickness of the paper used to guard damaged sections. Reducing the swell is a somewhat delicate operation, as it is necessary to have additional thickness in the spine in order to be able to round and back the book properly; too much swell, however, produces undesirable results, including a wedge shape, a greater tendency for the spine of the book to fall in, and a book that is lacking in firmness and solidity. Excessive swell may be reduced by clamping the text block in a lying press, placing the knocking-down iron against it, and tapping the side at the spine with a backing hammer, or, as in the case of library and edition binding, by smashing or nipping.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


knocking up

The process of evening up one or two edges of a pile of sheets so that they can be cut squarely, or for some other purpose requiring squared-up sheets. See also: JOG.

Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. An encyclopedia of the book. Cleveland. World. 1960.


knocking-down iron

A heavy, T-shaped piece of iron, which, when clamped in a press, forms a solid base for hammering down the cords used to lace the boards to the book, or for a similar type of binding operation.

Middleton, Bernard C. The restoration of leather bindings. Chicago. American Library Association. (A. L. A. Library Technology Project, LTP publication no. 18). 1972.


knocking-down iron

So called from having the slips, when laced in, pounded down upon it, so that they will not show when the book is covered.


knocking-down iron

A piece of iron having a small leg in the centre by which it is secured in the lying press. When fastened there it is used to pound or beat with a hammer the slips into the boards after they are laced in, so that they do not show when the book is covered.


knocking-down iron

A heavy iron plate on which are placed the sides of a laced-in book when the lacings of string, tape or vellum, are pounded down with a hammer so they will not show when the book is covered.


Koberger, Anton

A Nürnberg printer and publisher and one of the most productive of all Nurnberg craftsmen of his time. Koberger's books are often in fine bindings, characterized by a floral diaper in the center panel of the upper cover, flanked by stems of ornamental foliage wound around a ragged staff. On the lower cover, there is usually no diaper; instead there are lozenge compartments formed by diagonal fillets often enclosing a characteristic tool—a griffin with scaly extended wings. Koberger's books frequently have the title lettered in large Gothic letters in gilt on the upper cover. The panels on the spine often contain large rosettes scattered in an irregular manner. While it has been suggested that the books published by the Koberger firm were bound there, the correspondence of the firm from 1493 to 1525 mentions neither bookbinding nor anything relating to the binding process.

Goldschmidt, Ernst Philip. Gothic and Renaissance bookbindings. 2nd ed. Amsterdam. Israel. 1967. 2 vol.

Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. The history of bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Compiled by Dorothy Miner. Baltimore. Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery. 1957.


KOOFEE,

Kufic, Cufic, Cuphic, or Oriental. Ancient Arabic; it was called Cuphic, from the town of Couphah, built on the Euphrates. See Arabic.


kozo

See: PAPER MULBERRY.


kraft paper

A paper produced by a modified sulfate process, and employing only wood pulp. It is a relatively coarse paper and is known especially for its strength. Kraft paper is usually manufactured on a Fourdrinier machine and is generally given a regular machine finished or machine-glazed surface. It can be watermarked, striped, or calendered, and has an acceptable surface for printing. Its natural unbleached color is brown, but it can be produced in lighter shades of brown, cream tints, and white, by the use of semi-bleached or fully bleached sulfate pulps. Kraft paper is generally made in basis weights from 25 to 60 pounds (24 X 36—500) but it is also made in weights ranging from 18 to 200 pounds.

Abbey, John Roland. English bindings, 1490-1940, in the library of J. R. Abbey. Edited by G. D. Hobson. London. Privately printed at the Chiswick Press. 1940.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.

Sutermeister, Edwin. Chemistry of pulp and pa per making. 3rd ed. New York. Wiley. 1941.


kraft process

See: SULFATE PROCESS.


Krause, Jacob

A German bookbinder who learned the craft in the workshop of the famous Augsburg merchant bankers. Krause was summoned to Dresden in 1566 and appointed "Binder to the Elector of Saxony." In the electoral decree appointing him to this position it is specifically stated that he should bind books in the "German, French, and Italian fashion." Among his numerous bindings there are a great number of blind-stamped pigskin bindings decorated with panels and rolls, as well as a group of richly gold tooled morocco and calfskin bindings which he bound for the Elector. Krause's bindings are noted for the technical excellence of their gold tooling, no gilder outside of France producing "a petits fers" gilding of such accuracy and perfection. In artistic merit, however, while a few of his bindings are considered to be excellent, most are thought to be very much overloaded with gold tooling and are too rich and "restless" to be considered completely successful. Krause's work, as well as that of his pupil and successor, Caspar Meuser, is also remarkable for the elaborately tooled and printed edges, on which there is often the arms of Saxony and his signature—1. K. F.—in small letters.

Dahl, Svend. History of the book. 2nd English ed. Metuchen, N.J. Scarecrow. 1968.


krieg block

A composite wooden block, about 30 inches square, composed of small uniform pieces of clear white pine, cut approximately 2 inches square and 3 inches long, all set on end, glued together and enclosed by a band of metal. Such a block is used by some bookbinders for cutting leather.

<!-- BEGIN L -->


L

1. The Roman equivalent of 50. See: ROMAN NUMERALS.

2. A lower case letter l is the abbreviation for LEAF. (1)


l pattern

A LEVANT pattern embossed on a book cloth.


label

A square or rectangular piece of leather, cloth, or paper, usually of a different color from that used for covering, and attached to the spine, or (occasionally) the upper cover of a book. Labels display, usually in gilt tooling or blocking, the title of the book, the volume number (if any), the author's name (sporadically before the late 18th century, but regularly since), and, since about 1800, the date of publication.

Labels came into use in England in about 1680 and by 1700 had generally replaced direct lettering on the spine of books. Two labels, one for the title and the second for the volume number came into use in England (probably from France) in about 1730. The title label was usually red and the volume label blue, and later green. Red and black labels have also been used. The so-called open-sided label, i.e., one without vertical side fillets was uncommon before 1795 and was probably introduced by ROGER PAYNE.

Originally, labels were almost always of leather, generally a thinly pared skin, and later SKIVER.

Paper labels, printed from type, or occasionally engraved, began to be used in the second half of the 18th century on the paper spines of boarded books (the earliest known examples dating from 1765). They continued to be the usual method of titling boarded books even after this style of binding was for the most part superseded by publishers' cloth, i.e., the first quarter of the 19th century. They were also used on early cloth bindings, with decreasing frequency after 1832, when the technique of applying gold directly onto the cloth became feasible. See also: FLYSWING,

Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.

The library; a quarterly review of bibliography. London. Milford.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.

Strauss, Victor. The printing industry…Washington, D.C. Printing Industries in America. 1967.


label paper

A machine finish or English finish paper used for a variety of types of labels. Some such papers are supercalendered while others are coated on one side. They are specially sized for gumming and printing.


lac

A resinous substance of insect origin, collected from twigs of several trees of the Acacia family. The substance is secreted as a form of protective scale on the bodies of the insects Coccus lacca, which attach themselves to the twigs. The crude resin (stick lac) consists of twigs encrusted with the excretion of the insects' remains, and is processed in several steps to produce SHELLAC.

The blood-red dye obtained from lac was at one time the most valuable product of the refining process. It has been used a a dyestuff since very early times and was the dye used in Indian lake pigment.

The word "lac" and the term LAKE are derived from the Sanskrit laksa, meaning "a hundred thousand." One of the host trees referred to in Sanskrit writings is "Lakshatarn," the tree which nourishes a hundred thousand insects.

Kingzett, Charles Thomas. Kingzett's chemical encyclopedia; a digest of chemistry & its industrial applications. Ed. by D. H. Hey, and others. 9th ed. London. Baillière, Tindell and Cassell. 1966.

Mayer, Ralph. A dictionary of art terms and techniques. New York. Crowell. 1969.


lace binding

A style of embellishment of leather bindings introduced in France in the 18th century. The border in use in the 17th century was enlarged until it became the predominant element of the design, so much so that often only space for an armorial shield was left. Edges, which formerly had been straight, were now tooled in a wavy pattern, thus giving a "lacy" effect at times described as "à la dentelle," but actually looking more like the wrought ironwork of fancy balconies and gates. The style was very popular and was used by many bookbinders and gilders. including the Derome family and Pierre-Paul Dubisson, who used metal plates instead of tools, so as to be able to block the design and thus increase production.

Harthan, John P. Bookbindings. 2nd ed. London. H. M. Stationery Office. (Victoria & Albert Museum illustrated booklet no. 2). 1961.


Laced In

When the boards are affixed to the volume by means of the bands being passed through holes made in the boards, they are said to be laced in.


Laced In

When the mill-boards are attached to the volume by means of the slips being passed through holes |177| made in the boards, they are said to be laced in or drawn in.


Laced In

When the boards are affixed to the volume by passing the bands, strings, or tapes on which it is sewn through holes made in the boards, they are said to be laced in.


laced on

See: LACING-IN.


laces

The single-twist knitting cotton about 1/16, inch in diameter, or double-twist cotton about 3/32 inch in diameter, with or without tags; it is used for loose-leaf bindings and also for attaching leaves loosely in temporary covers. The tags, if used, may be straight or crossed.


lacework

A border decoration on a book cover, executed by tooling in gilt in resemblance of lace. See: LACE BINDING. See also: DENTELLE.


lacing

A form of book decoration usually used on blankbooks, and consisting of narrow strips of vellum laced to the outside of the covers. The vellum laces pass through the boards and are hammered flat inside so as not to appear as lumps under the board papers. See also: BANDS (2).

Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


lacing-in

See illustration</> The process in craft bookbinding of attaching the boards to the text block by passing the bands or cords on which the book is sewn through holes punched or cut into the boards. The bands are first frayed out and moistened with paste and then passed through the holes or slots.

For more than a thousand years lacing-in has been the customary method of attaching the boards in craft bookbinding. The Stonyhurst Gospel, a Coptic style binding of the 7th or 8th century, has the sewing thread laced through its boards, while in bindings of the 11th century or earlier, which were sewn on raised thongs, the thongs run along tunnels and through holes, and are held in place by pegs. By the 13th century, or even earlier, thongs were run over the upper sides of the boards, sometimes in grooves cut to receive them. This technique persisted up to the 15th century.

Wooden boards usually had two or three holes in a straight line out from the location of the thong on the spine; later on, however, the holes were cut straight, sometimes at a diagonal, or at right angles to the thong. Diagonal holing and lacing-in became the favored technique, and was the superior method because it strengthened the binding, particularly since boards made of paper had largely replaced wooden boards. The right angle method has the disadvantage of weakening the board.

Although the cords in fine binding were frayed out so they would not be noticeable under the leather, fraying out was not done in other styles of binding, and the technique of cutting grooves to receive the cords was not introduced until the end of the 18th century. Grooving is a superior technique because it does not weaken the board to any extent and yet allows thicker cords to be used in sewing.

The practice of lacing-in began to decline in the 19th century in favor of split boards and the French joint. See also: HOLING OUT.


lacing-in

Lacing the bands on which the book is sewn through holes in the boards to attach them.


lacing-in

lacing the slips through holes in the boards to attach them.


lacquer

A surface coating of an organic material that dries solely by the evaporation of the solvent and without any chemical change taking place in the film. The most important lacquers are based on cellulose derivatives, e.g., a cellulose ester, such as cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, or a cellulose ether, such as methyl or benzyl cellulose, etc., together with modifying agents, such as plasticizers, resins. waxes, and pigments. Lacquers are used in coating cloth, leather, and paper to decrease water vapor transmission rates and provide heat-sealing properties, water and grease resistance, and gloss, as well as decorative effects. Their use in archival work is questionable, however, as the solvents used in them emit toxic fumes, and the films themselves begin to deteriorate after a relatively short time, particularly if exposed to ultraviolet light.


lacquered bindings

A method of decorating bookbindings by means of scenes painted and then covered with lacquer. The technique was probably a Persian (Near Eastern) invention of the second quarter of the 16th century, and while they are still being produced today, the technique reached its pinnacle in the 16th century. Lacquered bindings are actually more the work of the miniature painter than the bookbinder. The designs were painted in watercolors on leather, and later pasteboard, that had been dusted with chalk and given a thin coat of clear lacquer. After painting had been completed several more coatings of lacquer were applied.


lactic acid

A hygroscopic, usually syrupy, alpha-hydroxy acid (C3H6O3). usually manufactured by the bacterial fermentation of milk, cane or grape sugars, corn, starch, etc., by means of Lactic bacilli, and used in leather manufacture to control pH, in mordanting dyes, and in the potassium salt POTASSIUM LACTATE.


lacuna

An area of a manuscript, painting, or other material, that is completely missing as a result of any type of damage. The word derives from the Latin expression for "gap."


laid lines

The closely spaced watermark lines in LAID PAPER, produced by the laid wires of the MOLD (1) in handmade paper, or by the DANDY ROLL of the papermaking machine. Laid lines usually run parallel to the long side of a sheet of handmade paper and across the grain of machine-made paper; however, SPIRAL LAID paper has lines parallel with the grain. Also called "wire lines" or "wire marks," as opposed to CHAIN LINES (1).

Book Manufacturers' Institute. Helpful aids in book production. New York. Book Manufacturers' Institute. 1953.

McMurtrie, Douglas Crawford. The book; the story of printing & bookmaking. 3rd ed. New York. Oxford University Press. 1943.


laid mold

A MOLD (1) having the sieve made up of wires laid parallel to each other, as compared with a woven mold formed of wire cloth. It is used in making handmade LAID PAPER.


laid paper

A paper which shows thick and thin lines at right angles to each other, and produced by the weave of the DANDY ROLL in machine-made paper, or, in the manufacture of handmade paper, by the MOLD (1) having thin wires placed very close together and fastened to thicker wires running at right angles at intervals of about 1 inch. The thin wires are the LAID LINES, or "wire lines," "wire marks," while the thicker wires are the CHAIN LINES, or "chain marks," "wide lines." Laid paper, whether hand- or machine-made, has no advantage over WOVE PAPER except perhaps appearance.

British Federation of Master Printers. Preliminary technical course in printing. London. British Federation of Master Printers. 1967. 7 vol.

Jennett, Sean. The making of books. 4th ed. New York. Praeger. 1967.


laid paper

Having lines water-marked in it, running through it at equal distances apart, the lines being thin places made by the pressure of projections on the dandy-roll.


lake

A term used with reference to any of a large group of organic pigments that are generally bright in color and are more or less translucent when in the form of an oil paint. Lakes are obtained by precipitating dyestuffs and other coloring matters, e.g., cochineal, madder, logwood extract, etc., onto a substrate in the presence of tannic acid, casein, sodium phosphate, etc., or with a metallic hydroxide. Aluminum hydroxide, for example, reacts with many soluble organic coloring matters, precipitating them as so-called lakes in cloth printing and dyeing, with the hydroxide acting as the mordant; the same dye, however, can produce different colored lakes depending on the mordant employed. Because many salts of calcium, chromium, magnesium, tin, zinc, etc., are used in producing lakes, a great number of pigments can be obtained. Substrates used include alumina, which gives a pigment that is rich and transparent in color, such as those used in printing inks; china clay, where a light, soft material with bulk and good suspension properties is required; barytes, which are used in the manufacture of paint; blanc fixe, which is usually a more finely divided baryte than the natural crystalline ones; and green earth and precipitated hydroxide of iron, which are used according to color requirements.

Many excellent pigments having good light fastness are now made from artificial dyestuffs; therefore, because they are expensive and/or insufficiently light fast, many lakes formerly produced from natural dyestuffs are no longer in demand.

The term "lake" may derive from the Italian "lacca," used by medieval Italian craftsmen to indicate the scum they removed from their dye vats and sold to painters. The Italian word, in turn, is related to "lac," which derives from the Sanskrit. See: LAC.


lambskin

The tanned skin of a young sheep. Vegetable tanned lambskin was highly prized in the latter part of the 19th century as a bookbinding leather because of its delicate colors, and also for limp bindings because of its softness and freedom from scratches and other blemishes. Lambskin is similar in appearance to calfskin but is less durable. See also: SHEEPSKIN.

Philip, Alexander John. The business of bookbinding for librarians …Gravesend. A. J. Philip. 1935.


laminate

1. To unite (superimpose layers of material) by the use of an adhesive, or by other means, such as heat, pressure. or both. 2. A product made by bonding together two or more layers of material or materials.

Skeist, Irving. Handbook of adhesives. New York. Reinhold. 1962.


laminated board

A binder's, or other type of board built up in layers by pasting or gluing two or more plies of board together either with the grain (machine) direction of the boards running in the same direction (parallel laminated) or at right angles to each other (cross laminated), or by applying paper, plastic film, or other sheet material, to one or both sides of a board. Laminated boards are often used in the binding and rebinding of large books, such as art folios, large periodicals, and the like.


laminating film

The film used to encapsulate a leaf, map, etc., undergoing LAMINATION.

The "ideal" laminating film should: 1) be flexible, i.e., capable of withstanding all the flexing and folding that is required of the paper being protected throughout the useful life of the document; 2) be (considerably) stronger than the paper it protects. (Since the majority of papers found in archival collections exhibit an elongation of about 2% upon rupture, the film should offer satisfactory strength at an elongation of less than 2% to protect the document, and should also have sufficient strength to make reinforcement with tissue unnecessary); 3) have considerable elongation beyond the yield point of a stress-strain curve. (Because high edge tearing resistance is usually associated with high elongation, a narrow margin of film around the edges of a document would protect it in case of strain at the edges); 4) have properties enabling it to resist degradation; 5) be capable of being joined to the document with minimum effort, preferably without application of heat and pressure; 6) permit separation of the film from the paper with minimum effort and without damage to the document; 7) be resistant to abrasion; 8) be transparent to light, at least throughout the visible spectrum; and 9) contain no elements or other substances which might in any way damage the document it protects.

Scribner, Bourdon Walter. Protection of documents with cellulose acetate sheeting. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. (U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Miscellaneous publication, M 168). 1941.

Wilson, William Kester, and B. W. 368. Forshee. Preservation of documents by lamination. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Commerce. (National Bureau of Standards, monograph 5). 1959.


lamination

A method of protecting and preserving embrittled or otherwise weak papers, maps, etc., by placing them between sheets of thin, transparent thermoplastic material, which, when subjected to heat and pressure, with or without an adhesive, seals the paper in and protects it by making it more or less impervious to atmospheric conditions. It also increases its effective strength.

The paper is first deacidified and dried. It is then placed between two layers of cellulose acetate film approximately 0.001 inch thick. Layers of Japanese tissue or lens tissue are then placed over the film. The "sandwich" is then fed through heated rollers under pressure, emerging as a sheet slightly thicker and heavier than the original document and considerably stiffer and stronger.

Lamination is an excellent method of improving the mechanical strength of documents which are to receive considerable handling, but it also has both real and potential disadvantages. Unless the document is properly and adequately deacidified before it is laminated, it will continue to deteriorate despite the illusion of protection afforded by the laminating film. In addition, there is the slight but definite loss of clarity and sharpness of the printed matter, especially in the case of colored illustrations. It is also difficult to remove the document from the laminates. See: DELAMINATION (2). Finally, there is potential damage from the cellulose acetate itself, which may be more vulnerable to the action of the atmospheric gases such as sulfur dioxide, particularly if the acetate contains metallic impurities. See also: BARROW, WILLIAM J. ; LAMINATING FILM; SUNDEX PROCESS.

Barrow, William J. Instructions for the deacidification and lamination of documents. c. 1954.

Barrow, William J. Procedures and equipment used in the Barrow method of resorting manuscripts and documents. Richmond, Va. W. J. Barrow. 1952.

Casey, James P. Pulp and pa per: chemistry and chemical technology. 2nd ed. New York. Interscience. 1960-61. 3 vol.

Horton, Carolyn. Cleaning and preserving bindings and related materials. Chicago. American Library Association. (Conservation of library materials pamphlet no. l; Library Technology Project publications, no. 16). 1969.

Langwell, William Herbert. The conservation of books and documents. London. Pitman. 1957

Lydenherg, Harry Miller, and John Archer. The care and repair of books. 4th ed. New York. Bowker. 1960.


lampblack

A finely divided, bulky, black soot, at one time the most important black pigment used in the manufacture of printing inks. It is produced by the imperfect combustion of pitch resin or tung oil, or fatty substances, such as naphthalene, in a vessel within a tent made of paper or sheepskin. The smoke is deposited on the inside of the tent which is then beaten to cause the soot to fall off. The soot is then heated several times to a very high temperature in a metal container having a small opening in the top, through which the impurities escape. See also: CARBONACEOUS INKS; CHINESE INK.

Harrod, Leonard Montague. The librarians' glossary of terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and reference book. 3rd ed. London. Deutsch. 1971.

Miall, Laurence Mackenzie, and D. W. A. Sharp, eds. A new dictionary of chemistry. 4th ed. New York. Wiley. 1968.


landscape

See: OBLONG.


landscape binding

A style of decoration featuring landscape scenes, executed either by freehand drawing with Chinese ink or acid, printing, or by some form of painting. The earliest recorded is 1777, while others are mentioned in the 1820s.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.


landscape gilding

See: GILT ON LANDSCAPES.


lanolin

A widely occurring crude preparation of cholesterol and its esters. Some lanolins are derived by solvent extraction from the sebaceous glands of wooled sheepskins. The molten wax is washed with alkaline (carbonate) solutions followed by water alone. When pure, lanolin is white and odorless, has excellent emulsifying properties and does not readily turn rancid. It has a softening range of 58 to 62° C. Lanolin is employed as one of the constituents of leather dressings, and is valuable because of its powers of penetration, its favorable softening range, and its ability to supply body to the dressing. Also called "wool wax."


lapis-lazuli

1. A deep blue, semi-precious stone, which, when ground into a powder, was used as ultramarine, a pigment now produced synthetically. It is a metamorphic rock, and its color stems from the blue feldspathoid lazurite, which is normally (NaAlSiO NaS); however, the properties may vary significantly in both the natural and synthetic products. It is used from time to time in the ornamentation of bookbindings and the coloring of paper. 2. A clear blue marble veined with gold. The blue is in the form of large irregular spots, of a cloudlike appearance, becoming an increasingly darker shades of blue as the color is applied several times. The gold veins are produced by gilding.

Hannett, John. Bibliopegia; or, the art of bookbinding… London. Simkim, Marshall. 1848.


large paper copy

A copy of a book printed on larger and (frequently) a better quality paper than that used for the usual trade edition, thus giving it more extensive margins. Large paper copies are printed from the same type as the rest of the edition, but often margins have been reset to provide a wider margin at the gutter as well as the other edges. Large paper copies are recorded in England dating from the 1590s, becoming increasingly popular until well into the 19th century. See also: FINE PAPER COPY; LIMITED EDITION; SMALL PAPER COPY.

American Library Association. Editorial Committee. Subcommittee on library terminology. A. L. A. glossary of library terms, with a selection of terms in related fields. Compiled by Elizabeth H. Thompson. Chicago. American Library Association. 1943.


last fold

A term sometimes applied to the final or back fold which completes the section, bringing it to the proper page sequence for gathering.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


lateral porosity

The POROSITY of paper in a direction parallel to the plane of the sheet. It is usually very much less than the porosity through the plane of the paper. Sometimes called "transverse porosity."


latex

A colloidal water dispersion of high polymers derived from sources related to natural rubber or of synthetic high polymers resembling natural rubber. Although originally applied to the milky sap found in the cells of certain plants, of which Hevea brasilienes (from which natural rubber is obtained) is the most important, the term is now applied to many synthetic rubbers, paints, coatings, etc. Latex is used in paper manufacture as an adhesive and barrier coating, and also for impregnating book cloth.

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


LATIN

The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, with the exception of the W, which “is a letter unknown, as to form and place, in the alphabets of the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and Goths. This letter is peculiar to the northern languages and people, and particularly to the nations who are of Teutonic and Sclavonic original.”—Astle.

For the allowance of the duty on paper used in the printing of books in the Latin language within the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the universities of Scotland, and the university of Trinity College, Dublin, see Paper.


lattice stamp

A finishing tool, the distinguishing feature of which is a central diamond formed of lattice and crisscross work. It is generally found on blind stamped bindings of the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

Oldham, James Basil. English blind-stamped bindings. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1952.


LAW AUTHORITIES,

with the abbreviations by which they are cited.

A. (a.) B. (b.).—A. front, B. back of a leaf.

A.; An.; Anon.—Anonymous.

A. B.—Anonymous, at the end of Bendloe’s Reports. 1661. (Cited as ‘New Bendloe.’)

Ab. Sh.—Abbot on Shipping.

Abr. Ca. Eq.—Abridgment of Cases in Equity.

Acc. or Ag. or Agr.—Accords or agrees.

Act.—Acton’s Reports.

Act. Reg.—Acta Regia.

Ad. Eject.—Adams on Ejectments.

Ad. & Ellis.—Adolphus and Ellis’s King’s Bench Reports.

Add. Eccl. Rep.—Addams’s Reports. Ecclesiastical Courts.

Al.—Aleyn’s Reports.

Alln. Part.—Allnatt on Partition.

Amb.—Ambler’s Reports in Chancery.

And. 1. 2.—Anderson’s Reports, 2 parts.

Andr.—Andrews’s Reports.

Ann.—Cases in K. B. temp. Hardwicke.

Annaly.—Reports temp. Hardwicke.

Anon.—Anonymous.

Anst.—Anstruther’s Reports.

Arch. C. P.—Archbold’s Civil Pleadings.

Arch. Cr. P.—Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings.

Arch. Crim. Pl. & Ev.—Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings and Evidence.

Arch. K. B.—Archbold’s K. B. Practice.

Arch. P. C.—Archbold’s Pleas of the Crown.

Ash. Ch., or Ov.—Ashdowne’s Church-warden and Overseer.

Ass., or Lib. Ass.—Liber Assisarum, or Pleas of the Crown.

Ast. Ent.—Aston’s Entries.

Atk.—Atkyns’s Reports in Chancery.

Ath. P. T.—Atkyns’s Parliamentary Tracts.

Ayl.—Ayliffe’s Parergon.

B., or C. B.—Common Bench.

B. & A.; B. & Ald.—Barnewall and Alderson’s Reports. King’s Bench.

B. & Ad.; Barn. & Adol.—Barnewall and Adolphus’s Reports. King’s Bench.

B. & C.; B. & Cr. (K. B.); Barn. & C.; Barn. & Cres.—Barnewall and Cresswell’s Reports. King’s Bench.

B. C. C.; Br. Ch. Rep.; Bro. C. C.—Brown’s Chancery Cases.

B. Eccl. L.; Burn’s Eccl. L.—Burn’s Ecclesiastical Law.

B. Just.—Burn’s Justice.

B. M.—Montagu’s Digest of the New Decisions in Bankruptcy.

B. N. C.—Brooke’s New Cases.

B. & P., or Boss. & Pull.—Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports.

B. R.—Banco Regis. King’s Bench.

B. Tr.—Bishop’s Trial.

Ba. & Be.; Ball & B.—Ball and Beatty’s Reports in Chancery in Ireland.

Bac. Abr.—Bacon’s Abridgment.

Banc. Sup.—Upper Bench.

Barl.—Barlow’s Justice.

Barn. K. B.—Barnardiston’s K. B. Reports.

Barn. C.—Barnardiston’s Chancery Reports.

Barnes.—Barnes’s Notes of Practice.

Barringt.—Barrington’s Observations on the Statutes.

Bart. El.—Barton’s Elements.

Bart. Prec.—Barton’s Precedents.

Bayl.—Bayley on Bills.

Bea. Co.—Beames’s Costs in Equity.

Bea. Pl. Eq.—Beames’s Pleas in Equity.

Benl.; Bendl.—Benloe, or Bendloe’s Reports.

Bing.—Bingham’s Reports. Common Pleas.

Bing. N. S.—Bingham’s New Reports in the Common Pleas.

Bingh. P.—P. Bingham’s Law and Practice of Judgment and Execution.

Black.—Blackerby’s Justice.

Bla. Com.—Blackstone’s Commentaries.

Black. (H.)—Henry Blackstone’s Reports.

W. Black.; Black. Rep.—Sir W. Blackstone’s Reports.

Bl.—Blount.

Bli.—Bligh’s Reports.

Bo. R. Act.—Booth’s Real Actions.

Bos. & Pul.—Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports. Common Pleas.

Bosc.—Boscawen on Convictions.

Bott.—Bott’s Poor Laws.

Bott. cont.—Bott’s Poor Laws continued to Hil. T. 1814.

Br.; Bro.—Brooke, Brown, Brownlow.

Br. Ab.—Brooke’s Abridgment.

Br. Brev. Jud. & Ent.—Brownlow’s Brevia Judicial, &c.

Br. Ch. Rep.—Brown’s Reports in Chancery.

Bra.—Brady or Bracton.

Bradby.—Bradby on Distresses.

Bridg.—Bridgman’s Reports on Conveyancing.

Bridg. (Sir O. R.)—Bridgman’s Reports, by Bannister.

Brod. & Bing.—Broderip and Bingham’s Reports. C. P.

Bro.—Brown’s Chancery Cases.

Bro., Brow. Ent.—Brown’s Entries.

Bro. A. C. L.—Browne’s Admiralty Civil Law.

Bro. P. C.—Brown’s Parliamentary Cases.

Bro. V. M.—Brown’s Vade Mecum.

Brown C. C.—Brown’s Chancery Reports.

Brownl. 1. 2.—Brownlow and Goldesborough’s Reports, 2 parts.

Brownl. Rediv. or Ent.—Brownlow’s Redivivus.

Buck.—Buck’s Reports in Bankruptcy.

Bul. N. P.—Buller’s Nisi Prius.

Bulst.—Bulstrode’s Reports. K. B.

Bunb.—Bunbury’s Reports. Exchequer.

Burr.—Burrow’s Reports.

Bur. S. C.—Burrow’s Settlement Cases.

Byth. Prec.—Bythewood’s Precedents.

C., or Cod., or Cod. Jur.—Codex (Juris Civilis) Gibson’s.

Ca.—Case or Placita.

Ca. P. or Parl.—Cases in Parliament.

C. B., or C. P.—Common Pleas.

C. C.; Ch. Ca.—Chancery Cases.

C. C. R.—Russell and Ryan’s Crown Cases reserved.

C. & P.; Car. & P. Rep.; Car. & P.—Carrington’s and Payne’s Reports at Nisi Prius.

C. P.—Common Pleas.

C. R.—Court of Review.

Ca. T. K.—Select Cases tempore King.

Ca. temp. H.; Cas. temp. Hardw.—Cases tempore Hardwicke, in King’s Bench.

Cal.—Callis, Calthorpe.

Cald. R.—Caldecott’s Reports of Settlement Cases.

Cald. S. C.—Caldecott’s Settlement Cases.

Caldw. Arbit.—Caldwell on Arbitration.

Caldw. P. L.—Caldwell’s Poor Laws.

Calth.—Calthorpe’s Reports.

Camp.—Campbell’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

Can.—Canons of the Church, made in 1603.

Car. & P. Rep.; Carr. & P.—Carrington and Payne’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

Cart.—Carter’s Reports.

Carth.—Carthew’s Reports, K. B.

Cary.—Cary’s Reports.

Cas. B. R.—Cases tempore W. III.

Cas. L. Eq.—Cases in Law and Equity.

Cas. Pra. C. P.—Cases of Practice Common Pleas.

Cas. temp. Talb.—Cases tempore Lord Chancellor Talbot.

Cawl.—Cawley.

Ch. Ca.—Chancery Cases.

Ch. Pre.—Precedents in Chancery.

Ch. R.—Reports in Chancery.

Chamb. Est.—Chambers’s Estates and Tenures.

Chamb. Lea.—Chambers on Leases.

Chamb. T. L.—Chambers’s Tenant Law.

Chitt. Com. L.—Chitty’s Commercial Law.

Chitt. Crim. L.—Chitty’s Criminal Law.

Chitty’s G. L.—Chitty on the Game Laws, &c.

Chitt. Pre.—Chitty’s Prerogative.

Chitty’s R. M.—Chitty on the Rights of Manors.

Chitt. Rep.—Chitty’s Reports.

Chris. B. L.—Christian’s Bankrupt Laws.

Christian’s G. L.—Christian on the Game Laws.

Cl. & Fin.—Clarke and Finnelly.

Clap. Sess. L.—Clapham’s Points of Sessions Law. 1818.

Clay.—Clayton’s Reports.

Cl. Ass.—Clerk’s Assistant.

Clift.—Clift’s Entries.

Co.—Coke’s Reports.

Co. B. L.—Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws. Cole on the English Bankrupt Laws.

Co. Cop.—Coke’s Copyholder.

Co. Ent.—Coke’s Entries.

Co. Lit.—Coke on Littleton (1st Institute).

Co. M. C.—Coke’s Magna Charta (2d Institute).

Co. P. C.—Coke’s Pleas of the Crown (3d Institute).

Co. on Courts.—Coke’s (4th Institute).

Code Nap.—Code Napoleon.

Coke’s Inst.—Coke, 2d, 3d, and 4th Parts of the Institutes of the Laws of England.

Com.—Comyn’s Reports.

Com. T. L.—Comyn’s Tenant Law.

Com. Con.—Comyn on Contracts.

Com. Dig.—Comyn’s Digest.

Com. Par. Off.—Complete Parish Officer.

Comb.—Comberbach’s Reports.

Cont.—Contra.

Coo. Eq. P.—Cooper’s Equity Pleading.

Coo. Mort.—Coote on Mortgages.

Coo. Rep.; Cooper.—Cooper’s Reports.

Coo. T. L.—Coote’s Tenant Law.

Cooke’s B. L.—Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws.

Con. Rep.—Consistory Reports, by Haggard.

Cot.—Cotton.

Cot. Ab. R.—Cotton’s Abridgment of Records.

Cov. Rec.—Coventry on Recoveries.

Cowp.—Cowper’s Reports.

Cox.—Cox’s Cases in Equity.

Cr. & Jer.; Cromp. & Jerv.—Crompton and Jervis’s Exchequer Reports.

Cro.—Keilwey’s Reports, by Croke.

Cro. Cir. C.—Crown Circuit Companion.

Cro. Mee. & R.; Cromp. Mees. & Rosc.—Crompton, Meeson, and Roscoe’s Exchequer Reports.

Cro. Car.—Croke’s Reports temp. Chas.

Cro. 1, 2, 3.—Croke’s Reports. (Eliz. Jam. Cha.)

Cro. Eliz.—Croke’s Reports temp. Elizabeth.

Cro. Jac.—Croke’s Reports temp. James.

Cromp. J. C.—Crompton’s Jurisdictions of Courts.

Cromp.—Crompton’s Justice of the Peace.

Cromp. & Mees.—Crompton and Meeson’s Exchequer Reports.

Cun.—Cunningham’s Reports.

Cro. sometimes refers to Keilwey’s Reports, published by Serjt. Croke.

Curt.—Curteis’s Ecclesiastical Reports.

D.—Dictum, Digest (Juris Civilis).

D. & C.—Deacon and Chitty’s Reports in Cases of Bankruptcy.

D. & R.; Dowl. & R.—Dowling and Ryland’s Reports. K. B.

D. & St.—Doctor and Student.

Dal.—Dalison’s Reports.

Dalt. Just.—Dalton’s Justice.

Dalt. Sh.—Dalton’s Sheriff.

Dan.—Daniel’s Reports.

D’Anv.—D’Anvers’s Abridgment.

Dav.—Davis’s Reports, respecting Patents, &c.

Dea. & Ch.—Deacon and Chitty.

Deg.—Degge’s Parson’s Counsellor.

Deh.—Dehany’s Turnpike Acts.

D’Ew.—D’Ewe’s Journal.

Di.; Dy.; Dyer.—Dyer’s Reports.

Dial. de Scacc.—Dialogus de Scaccario.

Dick.—Dickin’s Reports.

Dick. Just.; Dickenson.—Dickenson’s Justice.

Dig.—Digest of Writs.

Dob. Sty.—Dobie’s Styles.

Dod. Rep.—Dodson’s Admiralty Reports.

Dom. Proc.—Domini Proctor; Cases House of Lords.

Doug.—Douglas’s Reports. K. B.

Dow.—Dow’s Reports. House of Lords.

Dowl. Pr. Ca.—Dowling’s Practice Cases.

Dub.—Dubitatur.

Dugd. Orig.; Dugd., D. J., or Jud.—Dugdale’s Origines Juridicales.

Dug. S.; Dugd. Sum.—Dugdale’s Summonses.

Duke.—Duke’s Charitable Uses.

Durnf.—Durnford and East, or Term Reports. K. B.

E.—Easter Term, or Eden.

E. T.—Easter Term.

E. of Cov.—Earl of Coventry’s Case.

East.—East’s Reports. K. B.

East. P. C.—East’s Pleas of the Crown.

Eden.—Eden’s Reports of Northington’s Cases.

Edw. Ad. R.—Edwards’s Admiralty Reports.

Eq. Ca.; Eq. Ab.; Eq. Ca. Abr.—Equity Cases Abridged.

Ersk. Inst.—Erskine’s Institute of the Law of Scotland.

Esp.—Espinasse.

Esp. Ac. Stats.—Espinasse’s Action on the Statutes.

Esp. Ev.—Espinasse’s Evidence.

Esp. N. P.—Espinasse’s Digest.

Esp. P. Stats.—Espinasse’s Penal Statutes.

Esp. Rep.; Esp. N. P. Rep.—Espinasse’s Reports at Nisi Prius.

Ev. Col. Stat.—Evans’s Collection of Statutes.

Ex.; Exp.—Expired.

F., or Fitz.—Fitzherbert’s Abridgment.—Fitzherbert’s Abridgment is commonly referred to by the older law writers by the title and number of the placita only, e. g. Coron. 30.

F. N. B.; Fitz. N. B.—Fitzherbert’s Natura Brevium.

Far.—Farresly (7 Mod. Rep.).

Fell, Mer. G.—Fell on Mercantile Guarantees.

Ff.—Pandectæ (Juris Civilis).—This reference, which frequently occurs in Blackstone and other writers, applied to the Pandects or Digests of the civil law, is a corruption of the Greek letter π Vide Calvini Lexicon Jurid. voc. Digestorum.

Field. Pen. Stat.—Fielding’s Penal Laws. 1769.

Fin.; Finch’s Rep.—Finch’s Reports. Chancery.

Finch.—Finch’s Law.

Fitz.; Fitz. G.—Fitz-Gibbon’s Reports.

Fl.—Fleta.

Flat. Dig.—Flather’s Digest.

Fol.—Foley’s Poor Laws.

Fonbl. Eq.—Fonblanque on Equity.

For.—Forrest’s Reports.

For. Pla.—Brown’s Formulæ bene placitandi.

Forrester.—Cases tempore Talbot.

Forst.; Fost.—Foster’s Crown Law.

Forts.; Fort.; Fortesc.—Fortescue’s Reports.

Fra.; Fra. M.—Francis’s Maxims.

Freem.—Freeman’s Reports.

G. & J.; Gl. & J.; Gl. and Jam.; Glyn & J.; Glyn & Jam.—Glyn and Jameson’s Reports, Cases in Bankruptcy.

Gib. Cod.; Gibs. Codex.—Gibson’s Codex Juris Civilis.

Gilb.—Gilbert’s Cases in Law and Equity.

Gilb. C. P.—Gilbert’s Common Pleas.

Gilb. Dis.—Gilbert on Distresses.

Gilb. Eq., or Rep. Eq.—Gilbert’s Reports in Equity.

Gilb. Ev.—Gilbert’s Law of Evidence.

Gilb. Ex.—Gilbert’s Executions.

Gilb. Exch.—Gilbert’s Treatise on the Exchequer.

Gilb. K. B.—Gilbert’s King’s Bench.

Gilb. Rem.—Gilbert’s Remainders.

Gilb. Us.—Gilbert’s Uses.

Godb.—Godbolt’s Reports.

Godol.; Godolph.—Godolphin.

Gods. Pat.—Godson on Patents.

Golds.—Goldsborough’s Reports.

Gow.—Gow’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

Greenw.—Greenwood on Courts.

Gro. de J. B.—Grotius de Jure Belli.

Gwill.—Gwillim’s Tithe Cases.

H.—Hilary Term.

H. Bl.—H. Black.

H. H. P. C.—Hales’s Hist Plac. Cor.

H. P. C.—Hales’s Pleas of the Crown.

Hagg. Adm. R.—Haggard’s Admiralty Reports.

Hagg.; Hagg. Con. Rep.—Haggard’s Reports of Cases in the Consistory Court of London.

Hagg. Eccl. Rep.—Haggard’s Ecclesiastical Reports.

Hale P. C.—Hale’s Pleas of the Crown.

Hale’s Sum.—Hale’s Summary of Pleas of the Crown.

Hans.—Hansard’s Entries.

Hans. Parl. Deb.—Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates.

Hard.—Hardres’s Reports. Exchequer.

Hardw.—Cases tempore Hardwicke.

Haw.; Hawk. P. C.—Hawkins’s Pleas of the Crown.

Her.—Herne.

Het.—Hetley’s Reports.

H. T.; Hi.; Hil.—Hilary Term.

Highm. Lun.—Highmore on Lunacy.

Highm.—Highmore on Mortmain.

Hob.—Hobart’s Reports.

Holt.—Reports temp. Holt.

Holt Lib.—Holt on Libel.

Holt’s N. P. Rep.—Holt’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Holt’s Rep.—Holt’s Reports.

Holt Sh.—Holt on Shipping.

How. St. Tr.; Howell’s St. Tri.—Howell’s Collection of State Trials.

Hugh.; Hugh. Ent.—Hughes’s Entries.

Humph. R. P.—Humphrey on the English Law of Real Property.

Hut.—Hutton’s Reports.

Imp. C. P.—Impey’s Practice, Common Pleas.

Imp. K. B.—Impey’s Practice, King’s Bench.

Imp. Sh.—Impey’s Sheriff.

Imp. Pl.—Impey’s Pleader.

Infra, and Supra.—(Below, and Above.) References to the same division or subdivision.

Inst.—Lord Coke’s Institutes.

Inst. 2d & 3d.—Coke’s 2d, 3d, &c., Institutes.

Inst. 1, 2, 3.—Justinian’s Institutes, lib. 1. tit. 2. sec. 3.

J. & W.; Jac. & W.; Jac. & Walk.—Jacob and Walker’s Reports.

Jan. Angl.—Jani Anglorum.

Jenk.—Jenkins’s Reports. Exchequer.

1 Jon.—Sir William Jones’s Reports.

2 Jon.—Sir Thomas Jones’s Reports.

Jud.—Judgments.

K. B.—King’s Bench.

K. C. R.—Reports tempore King C.

Keb.—Keble’s Reports. K. B.

Keilw.—Keilwey’s Reports.

Kel.; Kely.—Sir John Kelynge’s Reports.

Kely. 1, 2.—William Kelynge’s Reports, 2 parts.

Ken.—Kennet.

Keny.—Kenyon’s Reports.

Kit.—Kitchin on Courts.

L. C.—Lord Chancellor.

La.—Lane’s Reports.

Lamb.—Lambard’s Eirenarcha.

Lat.—Latch’s Reports.

Ld. H.—Lord Hardwicke.

Ld. Raym.—Lord Raymond.

Le.—Ley’s Reports.

Leach; Lea. C. L.—Leach’s Crown Cases.

Leon.—Leonard’s Reports.

Lev.—Levinz’s Reports. C. P.

Lev. Ent.—Levinz’s Entries.

Lewin, C. C.—Lewin’s Crown Cases on Northern Circuit.

Lex Man.—Lex Maneriorum.

Lex Mercat. Red.—Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, by Beawes.

Ley.—Ley’s Reports.

Lib. Ass.—Liber Assisarum, or Pleas of the Crown.

Lib. Feud.—Liber Feudorum.

Lib. Int.—Liber Intrationum. Old Book of Entries.

Lib. Pl.—Liber Placitandi.

Lib. Reg.—Register Book.

Lib. Rub.—Red Book.

Lil.; Lill.—Lilly’s Report of Assize.

Lil. Abr.—Lilly’s Practical Register. Abridgment.

Lill. Ent.—Lilly’s Entries.

Lind.—Lindwood’s Provinciale.

Lit.; Litt. R.—Littleton’s Reports.

Lit. with S.—Littleton, S. for section.

Lofft.—Lofft’s Reports.

Long Quinto.—Year Book, pt. 10.

Lub. Pl.—Lubé on Pleading.

Lut. Ent.—Lutwyche’s Entries.

Lutw.—Lutwyche’s Reports.

M. T.; Mich.—Michaelmas Term.

M. & A.; Mont. & Ayr.—Montagu and Ayrton. Cases in Bankruptcy.

M. & B.—Montagu and Bligh.

M. & K.—Mylne and Keene.

M. & P.; Moo. & Pay.—Moore and Payne’s Reports. C. P.

M. & R.—Manning and Ryland’s King’s Bench Reports.

MS.—Manuscript.

M. & S.—Maule and Selwyn’s Reports. K. B.

MS. C. C. R.—Manuscript Crown Cases reserved.

M. & Scott; Moore & S.—Moore and Scott. Reports of Cases argued in Common Pleas and Exchequer.

MS. (D.)—Manuscript of Mr. Durnford.

Mad.; Madd. Rep.—Maddock’s Reports in Vice Chancellor’s Court.

Mad. Chanc.—Maddock’s Chancery Practice.

Mad. Exch.—Madox’s History of the Exchequer.

Mad. Form.—Madox’s Formulare Anglicanum.

Mal.—Malyne’s Lex Mercatoria.

Man. & Gran.—Manning and Granger’s Exchequer Reports.

Manw.—Manwood’s Forest Laws.

Mar.—March’s Reports.

Mar. Ins.—Marshall’s Insurance.

Marsh.—Marshall’s Reports. Common Pleas.

Mee. & Ros.—Meeson and Roscoe.

Mer. R.; Mer. Ch. Rep.—Merivale’s Reports in Chancery.

Mir.—Horne’s Mirror of Justices.

Mireh.—Mirehouse on Tithes.

Mireh. Adv.—Mirehouse on Advowsons.

Mitf.—Mitford’s Pleading.

Mo.—Moore’s Reports.

Mo.; Moore (J. B.) Rept.—Moore’s Reports. C. P.

Mod.; Modern.—Modern Reports, in Law and Equity.

Mod. C.—Modern Cases.

Mod. C. L. & Eq.—Modern Cases in Law and Equity (8 and 9 Mod. Rep.)

Mod. Int.—Modus Intrandi.

Mod.; Mod. Rep.; Modern.—Modern Reports.

Moll.; Moll. de Jur. Mar.—Molloy de Jure Maritimo.

Mont. B. L.; Bt. Laws.—Montagu’s Bankrupt Laws.

Mont. & Bli.—Montague and Bligh.

Mon. Eq. Pl.—Montagu’s Equity Pleading.

Mon. Part.—Montagu on Partnership.

Mont.—Montagu’s New Decisions in Bankruptcy.

Mont. & Gregg. Dig.—Montagu and Gregg’s Digest of Bankrupt Laws.

M. & M., Mont. & Maca.—Montagu and Mac Arthur.

M., or Mood. C. C. R.—Moody’s Crown Cases reserved.

Moo. & Malk.; Moody & M.—Moody and Malkins’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Mood. & Rob.—Moody and Robinson’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Mos.—Moseley’s Reports.

M. P. Ex.—Modern Practice Exchequer.

MS. Sum.—Lord Hale’s Summary of Pleas of the Crown, with Manuscript Notes and Additions.

My. & Cr.—Mylne and Craig’s Chancery Reports.

Myl. & Kee.—Mylne and Keene.

N. Benl.—New Bendloe.

N. L.—Nelson’s Lutwyche.

N. & M.; N. & Man.; Nev. & Man.—Neville and Manning’s King’s Bench Reports.

N. Nov.—Novellæ (Juris Civilis).

N. R.; New Rep.—Bosanquet and Puller’s New Reports.

Nar. Con.—Nares on Convictions.

Nel. C. R.—Nelson’s Reports in Chancery.

Nels.—Nelson’s Justice.

No. N.—Novæ Narrationes.

Nol.; Nol. P. L.—Nolan’s Poor Laws.

Nol. Rep.—Nolan’s Reports.

Nol. Sett.—Nolan’s Settlement Cases.

North.—Northington’s Reports.

Noy.—Noy’s Reports.

O. Benl.—Old Bendloe.

Off. Br.—Officina Brevium.

Off. Ex.—Office of Executors.

Oldn. P.—Oldnall’s Welsh Practice.

Ord. Ch.—Orders in Chancery.

Ord. Cla.—Orders, Lord Clarendon’s.

Ow.—Owen’s Reports.

P.; Pas. (Pascha.)—Easter Term.

P. C.—Pleas of the Crown.

P. p.; Pla. Par.—Placita Parliamentaria.

Paley P. A.—Paley’s Law of Principal and Agent.

Pal. Con.—Paley on Conviction.

Pal.—Palmer’s Reports. King’s Bench.

Park.—Parker’s Reports. Exchequer.

Park. Ins.—Park on Insurance.

Par. L.—Shaw’s Parish Law.

Pat. Mort.—Patch on Mortgages.

Pea.; Peake’s Rep.—Peake’s Reports.

Peak. Ca.—Peake’s Cases at Nisi Prius.

Peak. Ev.—Peake’s Evidence.

Peckw.—Peckwell’s Election Cases.

Perk.—Perkins’s Conveyances.

Petersd. Ba.—Petersdorff on Bail.

Phill. Ev.—Phillips’ Law of Evidence.

Phillim.; Phil. Rep.—Phillimore’s Reports.

Pig.—Pigot’s Recoveries.

Pl.; Pla.—Placita.

Pl. Com.—Plowden’s Commentaries or Reports.

Plow.; Plowd.—Plowden’s Treatise on Tithes.

Pol.; Pollexf.—Pollexfen’s Reports.

Poph.—Popham’s Reports.

2 Poph.—Cases at the end of Popham’s Reports.

Post, & Ante. (After, and Before.)—References to divisions of same title.

Pow. Mort.—Powell on Mortgages.

Pow. Mort. by Cov.—Powell on Mortgages, by Coventry.

Poynt. Mar.—Poynter on Marriages.

PR.—Private.

P. R. C. P.—Pract. Register in Common Pleas.

Pract. Chan.—Practice in Chancery. 1672.

Pract. Reg.—Practical Register of Common Pleas.

Pr. Reg. Ch.—Practical Register in Chancery.

Pre. Ch.—Precedents in Chancery.

Pre. Es.—Preston on Estates.

Prest. Abs.—Preston on Abstracts.

Prest. Con.—Preston on Conveyancing.

Pr.; Pri.—Price’s Reports. Exchequer.

Priv. Lond.—Privilegia Londini.

Pr. St.—Private Statute.

Pult.—Pulton de Pace Regis et Regni. 1609.

P. W.; P. Wms.—Peere Williams’s Reports.

Quinti Quinto.—Year Book, 5 Hen. V.

Q. War.—Quo Warranto.

R.—Resolved, Repealed.

R. S. L.—Readings upon the Statutes. 1723

Rast.—Rastall’s Entries and Statutes.

Raym.—Raymond.

T. Raym.—Sir Thomas Raymond’s Reports.

Ld. Raym.—Lord Raymond’s Reports.

Raym. Ent.—Lord Raymond’s Entries.

Ree. E. L.—Reeve’s English Law.

Reg. Brev.—Register of Writs.

Reg. Jud.—Registrum Judiciale.

Reg. Pl.—Regula Placitandi.

Rep. (1, 2, &c.)—1, 2, &c. Coke’s Reports.

Rep. Eq.—Gilbert’s Reports in Equity.

Rep. Jur.—Repertorium Juridicum.

Rep. Q. A.—Reports tempore Q. Anne.

Rep. temp. Finch.—Finch’s Reports.

Ridg.—Ridgway’s Reports.

Rigge on Registr.—Rigge on Registering Deeds.

Ritson.—Ritson’s Office of Constable.

Ro. Abr.—Rolle’s Abridgment.

Ro. Rep.—Rolle’s Reports.

Rob.—Robinson’s Entries.

Rob. Adm.—Robinson’s Admiralty Reports.

Rob. App.—Robertson’s Appeal Cases.

Roll.—Roll of the Term.

Roll. & Roll. Abr.—Rolle, Rep. and Abridgment.

Rop. B. F.—Roper on Husband and Wife.

Rot. B. Rep.—Rose’s Bankruptcy Reports.

Rosc. Ev.—Roscoe on Evidence.

Rosc. Crim. Ev.—Roscoe on Criminal Evidence.

Run. Ejec.—Runnington’s Ejectment.

Russ.—Russell.

Russ. Cr.—Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanours.

Russ. & M.—Russell and Mylne’s Chancery Reports.

Russ. & Ry. C. C. R.—Russell and Ryan’s Crown Cases reserved.

Rushw.—Rushworth’s Collections.

Ry. F.—Rymer’s Fœdera.

Ry. & Mo.—Ryan and Moody’s Reports.

S.; Sect.;§.—Section.

S. B.—Upper Bench.

S. C.—Same Case.

S. & D.—Shaw and Dunlop’s Cases in Court of Session.

S. & L.; Sch. & Lef.—Schoales and Lefroy’s Reports. Chancery, in Ireland.

S. & St.; Sim. & St.—Simon’s and Stuart’s Reports. V. C. Court.

Salk.—Salkeld’s Reports.

Sand. U. T.—Sanders on Uses and Trusts.

Saund.—Saunders’s Reports.

Sav.—Savile’s Reports.

Say.—Sayer’s Reports.

Sel. Ca. Ch.—Select Cases in Chancery.

Seld.—Selden.

Seld. Tit. of Hon.—Selden’s Titles of Honour.

Sel. Pr.—Sellon’s Practice.

Selw. N. P.—Selwyn’s Law of Nisi Prius.

Sem.—Semble, seems.

Sess. Ca.—Sessions Cases.

Sess. Pap.—The Old Baily Sessions Papers.

Sett. & Rem.—Cases in K. B. concerning Settlements and Removals.

Shaw.—Shaw’s Justice.

Shaw P. L.—Shaw’s Parish Law.

Shep. Touchst.—Sheppard’s Touchstone.

Show.—Shower’s Reports.

Show. P. C.—Shower’s Cases in Parliament.

Sid.—Siderfin’s Reports.

Sim.—Simons’s Reports of Cases in Chancery.

Sim. & Stu.—Simons’s and Stuart’s Reports in the Vice Chancellor’s Court.

Simeon.—Simeon on Elections.

Skin.—Skinner’s Reports.

Smith.—Smith’s Reports.

Som.—Somers, Somner.

Spel.—Spelman.

S. C. C.—Select Chancery Cases.

S. P.—Same Point.

St. Ca.—Stillingfleet’s Cases.

St. T.—State Trials.

Sta.—Starkie.

Stark. C. L.—Starkie’s Criminal Law.

Stark. C. P.—Starkie’s Criminal Pleading.

Stark. Ev.—Starkie on Evidence.

Stark. N. P.—Starkie’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Staunf. P. C. & Pr.—Staunford’s Pleas of the Crown and Prerogative.

Stat. W., or W.—Statutes Westminster.

Steph. Plead.—Stephen on Pleading.

Str.; Stra.—Strange’s Reports in Law and Equity.

Sty.—Style’s Reports.

Sug. Pow.—Sugden on Powers.

Sug. Ven.; Sugden’s Vend. & Purch.—Sugden’s Law of Vendors and Purchasers.

Sw.; Swanst.—Swanston’s Reports in Chancery.

Swin.—Swinburne on Wills.

T. R.—Term. Rep., Teste Rege.

T. R. E., or T. E. R.—Tempore Regis Edwardi.

Talb.—Cases tempore Lord Talbot.

Taun.—Taunton’s Reports. C. P.

Terms of the L.—Terms of the Law.

Th. Dig.—Theloall’s Digest.

Th. Br.—Thesaurus Brevium.

Tidd. App.—Tidd’s Appendix.

Tidd. Co.—Tidd’s Costs.

Tidd’s Pr.—Tidd’s Practice.

Tol. Ex.—Toller’s Executors.

Tom. Dict.—Tomlin’s Law Dictionary.

Too. M. M.—Toone’s Magistrates’ Manual.

Too. Ov. G.—Toone’s Overseers’ Guide.

Toth.—Tothill’s Reports.

Town’s Jud.—Townsend’s Judgments.

Tr. Eq.—Treatise of Equity.

Trem.—Tremaine’s Pleas of the Crown.

Tri. per Pais.—Trials per Pais.

Trin.—Trinity Term.

Trye.—Trye’s Jus. Filazarii.

Turn.—Turner’s (Ch.) Reports.

Tyr. & Tynd. Dig.—Tyrwhitt and Tyndale’s Digest of Statutes.

Tyrr. Sugg.—Tyrrell’s Suggestions.

Tyrw.—Tyrwhitt’s Exchequer Reports.

Tyrw. & Gran.—Tyrwhitt and Granger’s Exchequer Reports.

V. & B.; Ves. & B.; Ves. & Beam.—Vesey and Beame’s Reports in Chancery.

V. C.—Vice Chancellor.

Vaugh.—Vaughan’s Reports.

Vent.—Ventris’s Reports.

Vern.—Vernon’s Reports in Chancery.

Ves. sen.—Vesey’s (sen.) Reports in Chancery.

Ves.; Ves. jun.—Vesey’s (jun.) Reports in Chancery.

Vet. Ent.—Old B. Entries.

Vet. N. B.—Old Nat. Brevium.

Vez.—Vezey’s Reports.

Vid.—Vidian’s Entries.

Vin.—Viner.

Vin. Abr.—Viner’s Abridgment.

Vin. Inst.—Viner’s Institutes.

W. 1. W. 2.—Statutes Westminster, 1, 2.

W. & S.—Wilson and Shaw.

Wat. Cop.—Watkins’s Copyholds.

Wats.—Watson on Awards; or, Watson’s Sheriff.

Wats. Cl.—Watson’s Clergyman’s Law.

Wats. P.—Watson’s Partnership.

Went. E.; Went. Off.; Went. Off. Ex.—Wentworth’s Office, and Duty of Executors.

Wight.—Wightwick’s Reports.

Wil.; Wils.—Wilson’s Reports in Chancery.

Will. R.—Willes’s Reports.

Wils. & Sh.—Wilson and Shaw’s Reports of Cases in House of Lords.

Win.—Winch’s Reports. Common Pleas. 1757.

Wi. Ent.—Winch’s Entries.

Wms. Just.—Williams’s Justice.

Wms. Prec.—Williams’s Precedents.

Wms.—Williams’s Rep., or Peere Williams.

Wood’s Inst.—Wood’s Institutes.

Woodf.—Woodfall’s Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Wr. Ten.—Wright’s Tenures.

Wy. Pr. R.—Wyatt’s Practical Register.

Y. B.; Yr. B.—Year Books. The Year Books are quoted by the Year of each King’s Reign, the folio, page and number of the Plea in the page, except par. 5, Liber Assisarum, for which see “Ass.” or “Lib. Ass.” ante.

Y. C. P.—Precedents of Proceedings on the Yeomanry Cavalry Act, published July 1822.

Yelv.—Yelverton’s Reports.

Younge & J.—Younge and Jervis’s Exchequer Reports.

“The modes of quoting the Civil and Canon Laws.—The Institutions are contained in four Books: each Book is divided into Titles; and each Title into paragraphs; of which the first, described by the Letters pr. or princip. is not numbered. The Digests or Pandects are in fifty Books: each Book is distributed into Titles; each Title into Laws; and, very frequently, Laws into Paragraphs, of which the first is not numbered. The Code is comprised in twelve Books: each of which is divided, like the Digests, into Titles and Laws; and, sometimes, Laws into Paragraphs. The Novels are distinguished by their Number, Chapter, and Paragraph.

“The old way of quoting was much more troublesome, by only mentioning the Number, or initial Words, of the Paragraph or Law, without expressing the number either of Book or Title. Thus, § si adversus, 12 Inst, de Nuptiis, means the 12th Paragraph of the Title in the Institutions de Nuptiis, which Paragraph begins with the Words si adversus; and which a modern Civilian would cite thus, I. 1. 10. 12. So l. 30 D. de R. J. signifies the 30th Law of the Title in the Digests de Regulis Juris: according to the modern way thus, D. 50. 17. 30. Again, l. 5. § 3. ff. de Jurejur. means the 3d Paragraph of the 5th Law of the Title in the Digests de Jurejurando: better thus, D. 12. 2. 5. 3. And here note, that the Digests are sometimes referred to, as in the last instance, by a double f; and at other times by the Greek Π or π.

“The method of quoting the Roman Canon Law is as follows. The Decree, as said above, consists of three Parts; of which the first contains 101 Distinctions, each Distinction being subdivided into Canons: thus, 1 dist. c. 3. Lex (or 1 d. Lex) is the first Distinction, and 3d Canon, beginning with the word Lex. The second part of the Decree contains 36 Causes; each Cause comprehending several Questions, and each Question several Canons: thus 3. qu. 9. c. 2. Caveant is Cause the 3d, Question the 9th, and Canon the 2d, beginning with Caveant. The third part of the Decree contains 5 Distinctions, and is quoted as the first part, with the addition of the words de Consecratione; thus, de Consecr. dist. 2. can. Quia corpus (or, can. Quia corpus 35. dist. 2. d. Consecr.) means the 2d Distinction, and the 35th Canon of the Treatise de Consecratione, which Canon begins with Quia corpus.

“The Decretals are in three Parts; of which the first contains Gregory’s Decretals in 5 Books; each Book being divided into Titles, and each Title into Chapters: and these are cited by the name of the title, and the number of the chapter, with the addition of the word Extra, or the capital letter X: thus, c. 3. Extra de Usuris; is the 3d Chapter of the Title in Gregory’s Decretals, which is inscribed de Usuris; which Title, by looking into the Index, is found to be the 19th of the 5th Book. Thus also, c. cum contingat. 36 X. de Offic. & Pot. Jud. Del. is the 36th Chapter, beginning with Cum contingat of the Title, in Gregory’s Decretals, which is inscribed de Officio et Potestate Judicis Delegati; and which, by consulting the Index, we find is the 29th Title of the 1st Book. The Sixth Decretal, and the Clementine Constitutions, each consisting of 5 Books, are quoted in the same manner as Gregory’s Decretals; only, instead of Extra or X, there is subjoined in sexto or in 6, and in Clementinis or in Clem. according as either part is referred to: thus, c. Si gratiose 5 de Rescrip. in 6, is the 5th Chapter, beginning with Si gratiose, of the Title de Rescriptis, in the 6th Decretal; the Title so inscribed being the 3d of the 1st Book: and Clem. 1. de Sent. et Re Judic. (or, de Sent. et R. J. ut calumniis, in Clem.) (or, c. ut calumniis 1. de Sent. et R. J. in Clem.) is the first Chapter of the Clementine Constitutions, under the Title de Sententiâ et Re Judicatâ; which Chapter begins with Ut calumniis, and belongs to the xith Title of the 2d Book.

“The Extravagants of John the 22d are contained in one Book, divided into 14 Titles: thus, Extravag. Ad Conditorem, Joh. 22. de V. S. means the Chapter, beginning with Ad Conditorem, of the Extravagants of John 22d; Title, de Verborum Significationibus. Lastly, the Extravagants of later Popes are called Communes, being distributed into 5 Books, and these again into Titles and Chapters: thus Extravag. Commun. c. Salvator. de Præbend. is the Chapter beginning with Salvator, among the Extravagantes Communes; Title, de Præbendis.”—Bibliotheca Legum. See Dr. Hallifax’s Analysis of the Roman Civil Law, and Butler’s Horæ Juridicæ Subsecivæ.


law binding

1. A term applied from the 1830s until recently to a full leather binding (usually a vegetable tanned lightweight, cream-colored sheepskin) having laced-in boards and two or more gold-blocked title labels on the spine (usually red above black); or a binding with creased bands on the spine and blind lines around the edges of the boards. 2. A modern version of the above, i.e., a case binding consisting of a light tan buckram made to resemble sheepskin, with red and black paper labels blocked in gold. See also: LAW BUCKRAM.


law buckram

An obsolete term for a calf- or fawn-colored buckram made to resemble sheepskin, but without any graining.


law calf

1. A general term applied to an uncolored calfskin. 2. A cream-colored vegetable-tanned calfskin with a smooth grain surface, at one time used in covering the better grades of law books, but now largely superseded by buckram. Also called "fair calf," and, incorrectly, law sheep. See also: LAW BINDING (1); LAW BUCKRAM.

Harrison, T. The bookbinding craft and industry; an outline of its history, development, and technique. London. Pitman. 1926.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


law calf

Law books are usually bound in calf left wholly uncoloured, hence the term for white calf.


law sheep

A natural-colored, vegetable-tanned sheepskin, at one time used for covering law books, but now largely superseded by buckram. See also: LAW BINDING (1); LAW BUCKRAM; LAW CALF (2).


law sheep

Law books are usually bound in sheep left wholly uncolored, hence the term. Many law books are now bound in buckram, canvas or duck.


law skiver

A very thin SKIVER, tanned and finished to a russet or natural color, and at one time used for title labels of law and medical books, but now largely superseded by paper labels.

Porte, Roy Trewin. Dictionary of printing terms. 4th ed. Salt Lake City. Porte. 1941.


law super

A SPINE LINING FABRIC reinforced at intervals with heavier threads running across the width of the cloth, and consequently across the spine of the book. It was used in the past for lining the spines of large, heavy books.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Theory and practice of bookbinding. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962.


lay bands

1. See: LAY CORDS. 2. See: CORDS; FLEXIBLE SEWING.


lay cords

The loops on the top bar of the SEWING FRAME to which the sewing bands or cords are attached. See also: KEY

Schoen, Harriet Hetta. Let's hind a book. New York. Macmillan. 1934.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


lay down

An obsolete term applied to the process of embroidering a binding.


LAY DOWN

To arrange the pages of a sheet, or of a half sheet upon the imposing stone in their proper order, and to take the page papers from under them. See Imposing.

In the warehouse this term is used to denote the placing of the printed sheets of a work upon the gathering table in their proper order, for the purpose of gathering them together into complete books.

When a long number has been printed, the warehouseman generally lays down a bundle only of each signature, that the heaps may not be too high for the boys to reach the top sheet in gathering.

The first sheet in the gathering is laid down at the extreme end of the table at the left hand, and the succeeding sheets follow to the right in regular order, with the signature to the front of the table. The person who lays them down should run the signature page over in each heap to see that they all lie the same way, and have not been turned in knocking up, or piling away, which, when it happens, and passes undiscovered, causes a great deal of trouble in collating. See Gathering.


LAY IN SHEETS

When the pressman lays sheets on the tympan, it is stiled <i>Laying in Sheets</i>.—M. The term is now obsolete.


LAY LETTER

The Laying of Letter, or, To lay Letter, is the putting of new types into cases, in their proper situations.

When a new fount of types has to be laid, the first consideration is, are there new cases for it, or are there any spare cases in the house, or are there any that can be appropriated to it; and, how many pairs are to be occupied with it? If it be for a work to be done by a companionship, each compositor takes his proportionate share, and lays the letter for his own use: or, it may be an addition to a fount already in work; in which case also each takes his share, as it is looked on as more advantageous to lay letter than to distribute, particularly if it be of a small size. After having put the letter into the cases, and set it up as close as possible, there will be found many superabundant sorts; these are put into a pair of fount cases, and the compositors generally make their cases even, that is, take out their superfluous sorts. If the fount cases will not contain all the sorts, the remainder are put into coffins, and placed in a basket or a letter box; if there should not be any fount cases, then all the spare sorts are put into coffins. The overseer should then be informed of the state of the fount, so that the house may cast up to the surplus sorts, if thought necessary.

I would not advise the laying of many pairs of cases with a moderate sized fount, as an additional pair or two can be easily made at any time.

Where the letter founder has tied up in one piece more than one sort, I would recommend the compositor to put the piece upon a galley, or he will mix the sorts, and give himself and the house unnecessary trouble in his proof; using a composing rule will save him trouble.


lay on

An obsolete term for the process of cutting and fitting the boards to the text block in preparation for LACING-IN


LAY ON

A phrase used for the number of books to be printed. Thus they say, There is 1000, 2000, 3000, &c. Laid on.—M. We also use the phrase, but without any regard to number; as, such a press is going to lay a form on—such a press has laid a form on—What form shall we lay on?

It is usual, when a work is printed in sheets, to take the inner form first; the only motive, to my knowledge, for this custom is, that, where there are many presses at work, it prevents the pressmen taking advantage of each other, by those who are first off choosing the form that has the least difficulty in working. An old reason assigned for this practice is, that it is advantageous to the bookbinders in beating the book, preparatory to binding it; as the indentions of the types face each other, and are more easily made smooth; but the indentions would face each other equally if the usual order of working the forms were reversed. When there are wood cuts in one form, and none in the other, then the form without cuts should be worked first; as working the cuts last prevents the indention of the types appearing on the engraving, which would otherwise necessarily take place to its prejudice.

The term is also used in printing at machines, where a boy lays a sheet on a board, or on a travelling web, in order to its being conveyed round the cylinders to be printed.


LAY OUT SHEETS

When the pressman takes sheets off the tympan, and lays them on the heap, it is stiled <i>Laying out Sheets</i>.—M. Obsolete.


LAY-UP

Before the letter of a worked-off form is distributed, or before it is cleared away, if the work be finished it is unlocked upon a board laid in the trough, and well rinsed with water, while the compositor keeps working the pages backward and forward with his hands, and continues pouring water on them till the lye and ink are washed away, and the water runs off clear: this is termed laying-up.

The board should always be washed clean on its upper side before the form is laid upon it.


Laying cases

Filling cases with a fount of new type.


Laying pages

Placing pages of type on the stone in a proper order for imposition.


laying-away

The process of tanning hides and skins in layer vats over a long period of time in order to assure a full tannage. The hides or skins are dusted with finely ground raw vegetable tanning materials to provide additional tanning material. Laying-away, which was practiced in situations where only weak tan liquors were available, has been little used since the introduction of concentrated tan liquors.

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


laying-bye

The process of covering a hide pack with salt during the curing process, and then allowing the hides to stand in order to permit the strong brine to thus penetrate the entire pack.


laying-on

The operation of placing gold leaf on a surface prior to the application of a heated tool. The gold leaf is transferred from the GOLD CUSHION by means of a wad of cotton-wool, or a piece of felt. When the gold is in roll form, it is transferred directly from the roll to the surface to be gilded. In edge gilding, the leaf is transferred from the cushion by means of a GILDER'S TIP.

Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. An encyclopedia of the book. Cleveland. World. 1960.


layout

1. The process of arranging piles of sections in proper sequence in an "aisle" or "alley" for gathering by hand. 2. The plan of an entire book. 3. A plan, prepared by or for a printer, giving the arrangement of the matter, type faces, size of type, position of illustration and captions, etc. for a job of printing.


Le Monnier family

A group of some twenty French bookbinders, of whom Louis Francois and his son, Jean, were the best known. The family was involved in bookbinding from the first half of the 17th century to about the middle of the 18th century. They used floral decorations and designs suggestive of Chinese lace, and their bindings were beautifully tooled, often with fantastic designs, but not always in the best taste. They also made extensive use of mosaics. See: MOSAIC BINDING.

Uzanne, Louis Octave. The French bookbinders of the eighteenth century. Translated by Mabel McIlvaine. Chicago. Caxton Club. 1904.


leaching

In leather manufacture, the process of extracting the tannin from finely ground raw, vegetable-tanning materials by means of steam and/or water.


LEADERS

Between the ends of the lines and the figures of reference, in indexes, contents, in many tables, and accounts, are placed, sometimes full points, sometimes hyphens, metal rules, or dotted quadrats; all these, without distinction, are termed <i>Leaders</i>. Full points with a sufficient space between them, or dotted quadrats, are now generally used, being looked upon as neater than hyphens or metal rules.


LEADERS

Dots or hyphens placed at intervals of one or more ems in length, to guide the eye across the line to the folio in tables of contents, &c.


LEADS

These articles are called leads by printers, and space lines by type founders. See Space Lines.

Lean. See Beat Lean.—M.