IMPRINT

The name and place of residence of the printer, put to all printed articles, under the Act of Parliament of 39 George 3. c. 79., with certain exemptions.

By the Act of the 39th George 3. c. 79., intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for the better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, s. 27. it is enacted, “That, from and after the Expiration of forty Days after the passing of this Act, every Person who shall print any Paper or Book whatsoever, which shall be meant or intended to be published or dispersed, whether the same shall be sold or given away, shall print upon the Front of every such Paper, if the same shall be printed on one Side only, and upon the first and last Leaves of every Paper or Book which shall consist of more than one Leaf, in legible Characters, his, or her Name, and the Name of the City, Town, Parish, or Place, and also the Name (if any) of the Square, Street, Lane, Court, or Place, in which his or her Dwelling House or usual Place of Abode shall be; and every Person who shall omit so to print his Name and Place of Abode on every such Paper or Book printed by him, and also every Person who shall publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, either gratis or for Money, any printed Paper or Book, which shall have been printed after the Expiration of forty Days from the passing of this Act, and on which the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same shall not be printed as aforesaid, shall, for every Copy of such Paper so published or dispersed by him, forfeit and pay the Sum of twenty Pounds.

s. 28. “And be it further enacted, That nothing in this Act contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to any Papers printed by the Authority and for the Use of either House of Parliament.”

s. 31. “Provided always, That nothing herein contained shall extend to the Impression of any Engraving, or to the printing by Letter Press, of the Name, or the Name and Address, or Business or Profession, of any Person, and the Articles in which he deals, or to any Papers for the Sale of Estates or Goods by Auction, or otherwise.”

s. 34. “Provided always, That no Person shall be prosecuted or sued for any Penalty imposed by this Act, unless such Prosecution shall be commenced, or such Action shall be brought, within three Calendar Months next after such Penalty shall have been incurred.”

39 & 40 George 3. c. 95. “An Act to indemnify all Persons who have printed, published, or dispersed, or who shall publish or disperse, any Papers printed under the Authority of the Commissioners or Head Officers of any Publick Boards, from all Penalties incurred by reason of the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer of such Papers not being printed thereon.”

Persons who have printed any Papers under the Authority of Commissioners of Publick Boards, or who have published them, or shall hereafter publish any Paper so printed before the passing of this Act, shall be indemnified from any Penalties incurred by reason of any Offence against the Act of the 39th of George 3. c. 79., intituled, An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for the better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices.

The Act of the 41st George 3. c. 80., is, “An Act to indemnify all Persons who have printed, published, or dispersed, or who shall publish or disperse, any Papers printed under the Authority of any Head Officer of State, or of Publick Boards, or other Publick Authorities, from all Penalties incurred by reason of the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer of such Papers not being printed thereon.”

Persons who have printed any Papers under the Authority of the Head Officers of any of the principal Offices of State, or of any Board of Revenue, &c., or who have published them, or shall hereafter disperse any Paper so printed before the passing of this Act, shall be indemnified from any Penalties incurred by reason of any Offence against the recited Act; viz. the 39th of George 3. c. 79.

42 George 3. c. 23.—Annual Indemnity Act, s. 9. “And whereas, in an Act passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes; and for better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, certain Provisions are contained to restrain the printing or publishing of any Papers or Books whatsoever, which should be meant or intended to be published or dispersed, without the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer thereof being printed thereon, with a certain Penalty on the Person printing, publishing, or dispersing, or assisting in publishing or dispersing the same contrary to the said Act: And whereas divers Papers being, or purporting to be Pleadings, Rules, Orders, Process, or other Proceedings in Courts of Law or Equity, or to be Parts of such Pleadings, Rules, Orders, Process, or other Proceedings, or to be Copies of the same, or of Parts thereof respectively, have, through Inadvertency and Mistake, and on the Supposition that such Papers were not within the Provisions of the said Act, been printed without the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same being printed thereon as required by the said Act; be it further enacted, That every Person who shall, before the passing of this Act, have printed any Paper being, or purporting to be, any Pleading, Rule, Order, or any Process, or other Proceeding of or in any Court of Law or Equity, or to be any Part of such Pleading, Rule, Order, Process, or other Proceeding, or to be a Copy of the same, or of any Part thereof respectively, or shall have published or dispersed, or shall have assisted in publishing or dispersing, or shall hereafter publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing any such Paper as aforesaid, which shall have been printed before the passing of this Act, shall be, and is hereby declared to be freed and discharged of and from all Suits, Informations, Prosecutions, Judgements, Fines, Imprisonments, Pains, and Penalties whatsoever, commenced, prosecuted, adjudged, or incurred, or which may be commenced, prosecuted, adjudged, or incurred, for or by reason of any Offence alledged to have been committed against the said recited Act, by occasion of such printing, publishing, or dispersing, or assisting in publishing or dispersing any such Paper as aforesaid, as fully, freely, and effectually, as if the same had been printed according to the Provisions of the said Act.”

49 George 3. c. 69., intituled “An Act to indemnify Persons who have inadvertently printed, published, or dispersed Papers or Books without a full Description of the Place of Abode of the Printers thereof, from Penalties incurred under an Act of the Thirty-ninth Year of His Majesty’s Reign.”

s. 1. All Persons having printed Papers or Books with the Name of the Street of their Abode (omitting the Name of the Town or City) indemnified against Penalties under recited Act.

s. 2. Not to affect Convictions or Judgments had before the passing of this Act.

51 George 3. c. 65., intituled “An Act to explain and amend an Act, passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of His Majesty’s Reign, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices; so far as respects certain Penalties on Printers and Publishers.”

s. 1. “Whereas an Act was passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of His present Majesty’s Reign, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices: And whereas, in and by the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-fifth Sections of the said Act, certain Provisions were made, that every Person who should print any Paper or Book, or publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, any printed Paper or Book, without the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer being printed on such Paper or Book, in such Manner as by the said Act is specified, should forfeit and pay the Sum of Twenty Pounds for every Copy of such Paper so published or dispersed by him; to be recovered before any Justice or Justices of the Peace for the County, Stewartry, Riding, City, Town, or Place in which such Penalty should be incurred: Add whereas there is not in the said Act any Provision authorising such Justice or Justices to mitigate the Penalties thereby incurred, or enabling the Party to appeal from any Conviction by or Judgement of such Justice or Justices: And whereas divers Books and Papers have since been printed by several Persons, who, through Inadvertency or Mistake, have neglected to comply with the Provisions of the said Act, and such Persons have thereby become liable to be sued and prosecuted for Penalties to a vast Amount, although such Books and Papers were not of an evil or seditious Tendency: And whereas it is expedient to limit the Amount of Penalties imposed by the said Act; and to enable Magistrates to mitigate the Penalties in such Cases as shall appear to them expedient; and also to give the Party, who may be aggrieved by a Conviction under such Act, a Power of appealing from the same; be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That nothing in the Twenty-seventh Section of the said Act contained shall extend to make any Person or Persons offending against the same, liable to more than Twenty-five Forfeitures or Penalties for printing or publishing or dispersing, or assisting in publishing or dispersing, any Number of Copies of one and the same Paper or Book, contrary to the said Section of the said Act.

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That if any Justice or other Magistrate before whom any Person shall be convicted of any Offence or Offences against the Provisions of the before-mentioned Act shall see Cause to mitigate such Penalty or Penalties, it shall be lawful for such Justice or other Magistrate to mitigate or lessen the same to any Sum not less than Five Pounds, over and above all reasonable Costs and Charges expended or incurred in the Prosecution.

s. 3. “And whereas Doubts have arisen whether the Provisions contained in the said Act may not be considered as extending to Notes and Post Bills of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, and to Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Bonds, and other Securities for Payment of Money, Bills of Lading, Policies of Insurance, Letters of Attorney, Transfers or Assignments of Public Stocks, Funds, and other Securities, and to Dividend Warrants, Receipts for Money or Goods, Deeds or other Instruments, Proceedings in the Courts of Law and Equity, and other Inferior Courts, Warrants, Orders, and other Papers, printed by the Authority of any Public Board or Public Officer in the Execution of the Duties of their respective Offices, many of which Securities, Instruments, Proceedings and other Matters aforesaid, are usually wholly or in Part printed; be it therefore hereby declared and enacted, That nothing in the said recited Act or in this Act contained shall extend or be construed to extend to require the Name and Residence of the Printer to be printed upon any such Bank Note, Bank Post Bill, Bill of Exchange, or Promissory Note, or upon any Bond or other Security for Payment of Money, or upon any Bill of Lading, Policy of Insurance, Letter of Attorney, Deed or Agreement, or upon any Transfer or Assignment of any Public Stocks, Funds, or other Securities, or upon any Transfer or Assignment of the Stocks of any Public Corporation or Company, authorized or sanctioned by Act of Parliament, or upon any Dividend Warrant of or for any such Public or other Stocks, Funds, or Securities, or upon any Receipt for Money or Goods, or upon any Proceeding in any Court of Law or Equity, or in any Inferior Court, Warrant, Order, or other Papers printed by the Authority of any Public Board or Public Officer in the Execution of the Duties of their respective Offices, notwithstanding the Whole or any Part of the said several Securities, Instruments, Proceedings, Matters, and Things aforesaid, shall have been or shall be printed, any Thing herein or in the said recited Act contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding.

s. 4. “And be it further enacted, That if any Person or Persons shall think himself, herself, or themselves aggrieved by any Conviction, Judgement, or Determination, of any Justice or Justices, relating to any Matter or Thing in the before-mentioned Act contained; then and in that Case he, she, or they may appeal to the Justices of the Peace at the General Quarter Sessions to be holden in and for the County, City, or Place, where such Conviction, Judgement, or Determination shall have been made, next after the Expiration of Twenty Days from the making thereof, first giving Six Days Notice of such Appeal to the Person or Persons prosecuting for such Penalty or Penalties; and the said Justices shall hear and determine the said Appeal at such General Quarter Sessions, or, if they think proper, adjourn the Hearing thereof until the next General Quarter Sessions to be holden for such County, Town, or Place; and the said Justices may, in like Manner, if they see cause, mitigate any Penalty or Penalties, and may order any Money to be returned which shall have been paid or levied under any Conviction as aforesaid, and may also order and award such Costs to be paid by either Party to the other, as they shall think and judge reasonable.

s. 5. “And be it further enacted, that this Act shall take Effect from the First Day of March One thousand eight hundred and eleven.”

2 Vict. c. 12. “An Act to amend an Act of the Thirty-ninth Year of King George the Third, for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, and to put an End to certain Proceedings now pending under the said Act.

s. 1. “Whereas in an Act passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Reign of King George the Third, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for the better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, certain Provisions are contained to restrain the printing or publishing of any Papers or Books whatsoever which should be meant or intended to be published or dispersed without the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer thereof being printed thereon in the Manner in the said Act specified: And whereas the said Provisions have given Occasion to many vexatious Proceedings at the Instance of common Informers, and it is expedient to discourage the same: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much of the said Act as enacts that every Person who, after the Expiration of Forty Days after the passing of the said Act, shall print any Paper or Book whatsoever which shall be meant or intended to be published or dispersed, whether the same shall be sold or given away, shall print upon the Front of every such Paper, if the same shall be printed on one Side only, and upon the first and last leaves of every Paper or Book which shall consist of more than One Leaf, in legible Characters, his or her Name, and the Name of the City, Town, Parish, or Place, and also the Name (if any) of the Square, Street, Lane, Court, or Place, in which his or her Dwelling House, or usual Place of Abode shall be, and that every Person who shall omit so to print his Name and Place of Abode on every such Paper or Book printed by him, and also every Person who shall publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, either gratis or for Money, any printed Paper or Book which shall have been printed after the Expiration of Forty Days from the passing of the said Act, and on which the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same shall not be printed as aforesaid, shall for every Copy of such Paper so published or dispersed by him, forfeit and pay the Sum of Twenty Pounds, shall be and the same is hereby repealed.

s. 2. “And be it enacted, That every Person who after the passing of this Act shall print any Paper or Book whatsoever, which shall be meant to be published or dispersed, and who shall not print upon the Front of every such Paper, if the same shall be printed on One Side only, or upon the first or last Leaf of every Paper or Book which shall consist of more than One Leaf, in legible Characters, his or her Name and usual Place of Abode or Business, and every Person who shall publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, any printed Paper or Book on which the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same shall not be printed as aforesaid, shall for every Copy of such Paper so printed by him or her forfeit a Sum not more than Five Pounds: Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to impose any Penalty upon any Person for printing any Paper excepted out of the Operation of the said Act, either in the said Act or by any Act made for the Amendment thereof.

s. 3. “And be it enacted, That in the Case of Books or Papers printed at the University Press of Oxford, or the Pitt Press of Cambridge, the Printer, instead of printing his Name thereon, shall print the following Words: ‘Printed at the University Press, Oxford,’ or ‘The Pitt Press, Cambridge,’ as the Case may be.

s. 4. “Provided always, and be it enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any Person or Persons whatsoever to commence, prosecute, enter, or file, or cause or procure to be commenced, prosecuted, entered, or filed, any Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information in any of Her Majesty’s Courts, or before any Justice or Justices of the Peace, against any Person or Persons, for the Recovery of any Fine, Penalty, or Forfeiture made or incurred, or which may hereafter be incurred under the Provisions of this Act, unless the same be commenced, prosecuted, entered, or filed in the Name of Her Majesty’s Attorney General or Solicitor General in that Part of Great Britain called England, or Her Majesty’s Advocate for Scotland (as the Case may be respectively); and if any Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be commenced, prosecuted, entered, or filed in the Name or Names of any other Person or Persons than is or are in that Behalf before mentioned, the same, and every Proceeding thereupon had, are hereby declared and the same shall be null and void to all Intents and Purposes.

s. 5. “And be it enacted, That immediately after the passing of this Act it shall be lawful for any Person against whom any original Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall have been sued out, commenced, or prosecuted, on or before the Day of the passing of this Act, for the Recovery of any pecuniary Penalty or Penalties incurred under the said recited Act, to apply to the Court in which such original Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall have been sued out, commenced, or prosecuted, if such Court shall be sitting, or, if such Court shall not be sitting, to any Judge of either of the superior Courts at Westminster, or to any Justice of the Peace before whom any such Plaint or Information shall be pending, or any Conviction shall have been had or obtained, or to any other Justice of the Peace acting for the same County, Riding, Division, City, Borough, or Place, as the Justice of the Peace before whom such Plaint or Information shall be pending or such Conviction shall have been had or obtained, for an Order that such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be discontinued, or such Conviction be quashed, upon Payment of the Costs thereof out of Pocket incurred to the Time of such Application being made, such Costs to be taxed according to the Practice of such Court, or in case of any Proceeding before a Justice, to be taxed and ascertained by such Justice; and every such Court or Judge, or Justice of the Peace, as the Case may be, is hereby authorized and required, upon such Application, and Proof that sufficient Notice has been given to the Plaintiff or Informer, or to his Attorney, of the Application, to make such Order as aforesaid; and upon the making such Order, and Payment or Tender of such Costs as aforesaid, such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be forthwith discontinued, or such Conviction shall be quashed, as the Case may be: Provided always, that in all Cases in which any such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall have been sued out or commenced subsequently to the Sixteenth Day of April One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, it shall be lawful for such Court, Judge, or Justice as aforesaid to make such Order for discontinuing the same, or quashing any Conviction had thereon, without Payment of any Costs, and in every such Case, on the making of such Order, such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be forthwith discontinued, or such Conviction shall be forthwith quashed, as the Case may be: Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be deemed or taken to enable any Person to recover back any Money paid before the passing of this Act, in pursuance of any Judgment or Conviction duly obtained under the Provisions of the said recited Act.

s. 6. “And be it enacted, That the said Act, and all Acts made for the Amendment thereof, except so far as herein repealed or altered, shall be construed as One Act together with this Act.

s. 7. “And be it enacted, That this Act may be amended or repealed by any Act to be passed in this present Session of Parliament.”

Exemptions.—Articles exempted from penalty for not having the Printer’s Name and Address.

By 39 Geo. 3. c. 79. s. 28.

Any Papers printed by the Authority and for the Use of either House of Parliament.

s. 31. The Impressions of any Engraving.

The printing by Letter Press of the Name, or the Name and Address, or Business or Profession of any Person, and the Articles in which he deals.

Any Papers for the Sale of Estates or Goods by Auction, or otherwise.

39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 95.—Act of Indemnity.

Any Papers printed under the Authority of Commissioners of Public Boards, and printed before the passing of this Act.

41 Geo. 3. c. 80.—Act of Indemnity.

Any Papers printed under the Authority of the Head Officers of any of the principal Offices of State, or of any Board of Revenue, &c. and printed before the passing of this Act.

42 Geo. 3. c. 23.—Annual Act of Indemnity.

Any Paper being, or purporting to be, any Pleading, Rule, Order, or any Process, or other Proceeding of or in any Court of Law or Equity, or to be any Part of such Pleading, &c., or to be a Copy of the same, or of any Part thereof, which shall have been printed before the passing of this Act.

49 Geo. 3. c. 69.—Act of Indemnity.

51 Geo. 3. c. 65. s. 3.

Any Bank Note, Bank Post Bill, Bill of Exchange, or Promissory Note;

Bond or other Security for Payment of Money;

Bill of Lading;

Policy of Insurance;

Letter of Attorney;

Deed or Agreement;

Transfer or Assignment of any Public Stocks, Funds, or other Securities;

Transfer or Assignment of the Stocks of any Public Corporation or Company, authorized or sanctioned by Act of Parliament;

Dividend Warrants of or for any such Public or other Stocks, Funds, or Securities;

Receipt for Money or Goods;

Proceeding in any Court of Law or Equity, or in any Inferior Court;

Warrant, Order, or other Papers printed by the Authority of any Public Board or Public Officer in the Execution of the Duties of their respective Offices;

2 Vict. c. 12. s. 4. All Informations and Actions for Penalties, &c. to be filed, &c. in the Name of Her Majesty’s Attorney or Solicitor General.

Imprisonment for Debt. See Debt.


IMPRINT

The name of the printer or of the publisher appended to jobs or title-pages.

The American Printer: A Manual of Typography

Public domain (Project Gutenberg, pre-1930 text)


in boards

1. A book which has had its edges cut after the boards have been laced-in. In-board forwarding, although infrequently used today, was the principal method of craft bookbinding for centuries and in many respects is still the finest technique of forwarding, as it treats bookbinding purely as a craft. It also enables the bookbinder to achieve more accurate SQUARES. It is an abbreviation of "cut in boards." Cf: OUT OF BOARDS. 2. A term occasionally applied to an economical style of binding common in 18th and early 19th centuries, consisting of pasteboards covered with paper, usually blue sides and a white spine.

Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology

US Government publication (Library of Congress), published openly in electronic edition by CoOL. Not a Gutenberg/pre-1930 public-domain text -- verify rights before reprinting rather than quoting.

Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


in hubs

A term applied to a blankbook when the HUBS have been glued to the SPRING-BACK (1), the book then being ready for covering.

Pleger, John J. Bookbinding. Rev. ed. Chicago. Inland Printer. 1924.


in quires

See: IN SHEETS.


in sheets

Unbound printed sheets, especially when unfolded. The term is also used loosely to indicate sheets that have been processed up to the point of folding and gathering. "In sheets" is gradually superseding "in quires," with which it is synonymous. See also: QUIRE (2); SHEET STOCK.


in signatures

The gathered but unsewn sections of a book. See also: QUIRE (2).


in straps

The condition of a blankbook when the leather or cloth, usually the former, has been glued underneath the SPRING-BACK (1) between the tapes or webbings. See also: CLOTHINGS.


in the crust

Hides or skins that have been preserved (cured) in the dry, salted state. See: DRY-SALTING.


in the pickle

Hides or skins that have been preserved (cured) thoroughly soaked in a brine solution. See: BRINING.


in the round

See: GILT IN THE ROUND; SEWING IN THE ROUND; TRIMMED IN THE ROUND.


in the square

See: GILT IN THE SQUARE; TRIMMED IN THE SQUARE.


in-boards extra

An in-board binding with solid gilt edges.


incised leather

See: CUIR-BOUILLI; CUIR-CISELÉ.


incunabula

Books and all printing from movable metal type which can be dated before the year 1501. The date limitation probably derives from the earliest known catalog of incunabula, an appendix to Johann Saubert's Historia bibliothecae Noribergensis…catalogus librorum proximis ab inventione annis usque ad a. Ch. 1500 editorum, 1643. "Incunabula" derives its name from the Latin "cunae" (cradle) and refers to books produced in the infancy of printing. The term may also be used to designate works created during the earliest stages in the development of an art form or technique or at the beginning of any new period of artistic productivity.

In a general sense, the term "incunabula" can be used to refer to printed works of a time so early in the history of printing in a given locality that such printing may be said to be in its infancy; thus it is possible to speak of American incunabula, Arizona incunabula, etc. With regard specifically to printing, however, and unless stated otherwise, the term is used to refer to the products of the European press of the 15th century.

Incunabula were usually simply bound in leather-covered boards with decoration in blind. However, their collectors later often had them rebound in more sumptuous covers; consequently original bindings are now relatively rare.

Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.

Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. An encyclopedia of the book. Cleveland. World. 1960.

Pacific bindery talk. Los Angeles. Pacific Library Binding Co.


INDENTURES

5 Geo. 3. c. 46. s. 19. “And be it further declared and enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all printed Indentures, Covenants, Articles, or Contracts, for binding Clerks or Apprentices in Great Britain, after the said fifth Day of July, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-five, shall have the following Notice or Memorandum printed under the same; videlicet,

“‘The Indenture, Covenant, Article, or Contract, must bear Date the Day it is executed; and what Money or other Thing is given or contracted for with the Clerk or Apprentice, must be inserted in Words at length; and the Duty paid to the Stamp Office, if in London, or within the Weekly Bills of Mortality, within one Month after the Execution, and if in the Country, and out of the said Bills of Mortality, within two Months, to a Distributor of the Stamps, or his Substitute; otherwise the Indenture will be void, the Master or Mistress forfeit fifty Pounds, and another Penalty, and the Apprentice be disabled to follow his Trade, or be made free.’

“And if any Printer, Stationer, or other Person or Persons, shall sell, or cause to be sold, any such Indenture, Covenant, Article, or Contract, without such Notice or Memorandum being printed under the same; then, and in every such Case, such Printer, Stationer, or other Person or Persons, shall, for every such Offence, forfeit the Sum of ten Pounds.”


independents

Books or pamphlets published separately and later bound together into one physical volume.


index

In bookbinding, the words, letters, numbers, etc., printed, stamped or pasted in alphabetical, numerical, or other order: 1) in spaces cut or gouged in the fore edge of the book; 2) tabs attached to the leaves at the fore edge; or 3) printed on the leaves of the book, or on separate sheets to be inserted in their proper position in the book. The purpose of the index is to facilitate quick reference to the contents. See also: CUT THROUGH INDEX; ONE-LETTER INDEX; TAB INDEX; THUMB INDEX; TWO-LETTER INDEX.


index board

A type of single- or twin-wire pulp board, in white and colors, used for index cards and other record keeping. The board has a good, even, well finished surface suitable for writing, and is smooth, hard-sized, and of an even LOOK-THROUGH. The usual basis weights are 180, 220, 280, 340, and and 440 pounds (25.5 X 30.5—1000).

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


index rolls

Alphabetical brass rolls used for lettering indices.


index shears

A curved or ordinary pair of shears with an adjustable gauge, used for cutting step indices.


index tab

A small piece of leather. paper, card, or fabric attached to. and projecting from the fore edge of a book and bearing in progressive order, usually from head to tail, letters, words, symbols, or other indexing information. See a1so: THUMB INDEX.

Chidester, Otis Holden. First year graphic arts. Tucson, Ariz. Graphic Arts Press. 1949.


INDEX,

or Hand ☞ points out a remarkable passage, or something that requires particular attention.—Murray.   INDIA PAPER

or Hand ☞ points out a remarkable passage, or something that requires particular attention.—Murray.


indexing

The process of attaching index tabs to the leaves of a book, or the cutting, stamping, gouging or printing of indices in the fore edges of books. When tabs are used for the index, the top one is cut larger than the others when the steps are small, because. being at the top of the leaf, a small step may break away during use unless it is large enough to be secured firmly to the leaf. In blankbook tab indexing, under average conditions, certain letters of the alphabet will have more accounts listed under them than will other letters. Analysis of this had led to the development of tables that give the proper number of pages to meet the requirements of each letter. Thus, more pages are required for the initial letter S, followed by B (or vice versa in some cases), then H, and so on down to X, which requires the fewest.

Indices for reference books are usually of the thumb type, while blankbooks generally have cut through or tab indices.

In indexing format, a ONE-LETTER INDEX usually consists of 24 letters or divisions, while a TWO-LETTER INDEX has 13 divisions. Some indices have supplementary indices for the five vowels cut into the leaves of each letter of the main index.

Although these terms are used, an index may be made with any number of divisions and leaves to each division, or may be cut through the entire book.


India Bible paper

See: BIBLE PAPER.


India ink

See: CHINESE INK.


India Oxford paper

See: BIBLE PAPER.


India paper

From about 1768 to 1875. a soft absorbent paper imported from China for use in making proofs of engravings. Since 1875 it has been made from chemically processed hemp and rags. Today it is generally a thin. opaque sheet made in a basis weight of 20 pounds, bulking approximately 1,000 pages to the inch.

Clowes, William Beaufoy. A guide to printing. London. Heineman. 1963.

Jennett, Sean. The making of books. 4th ed. New York. Praeger. 1967.


INDIA PAPER

This paper, which comes to us from China, is decidedly superior to any other paper for obtaining fine impressions from engravings. That which is used as the linings of tea chests is equal in quality to any, although some of it is coarse, and many persons object to the colour; a thicker and whiter sort comes over as wrappers for silk; both these sorts are injured by having been used as packages, but out of them good pieces may be selected, sufficiently large for octavo pages, and frequently for quarto. A perfect paper of a large size is imported in chests of two thousand sheets each. A sheet measures four feet three inches and one tenth in length, and two feet one inch and one tenth in width. This paper varies very much in quality, so that circumspection should be used in making a purchase.

All India paper contains particles of hard matter, like minute portions of stone, small pieces of the hard stalks of some vegetable, and lumps of the material from which it is made. Previously to its being printed on, the whole of it ought to be carefully examined, and these extraneous matters removed with a sharp knife, otherwise they will injure the surface of the engraving.

There is a smooth side and a rough side in white India paper, called by printers the right side and the wrong side: this India paper has the appearance of having been formed on a smooth surface of metal or stone, by being laid on with a brush, the rough side having the semblance of paint applied by an unskilful hand, exhibiting all the marks of the brush in irregular directions; the other side being flat and smooth. The smooth side is always used for the impression.

In all cases the best way of damping India paper is to put it, in separate pieces, into a heap of paper that is in a proper condition for printing, where after lying a few minutes it will be sufficiently damp for use. See Paper.


India proof paper

See: CHINA PAPER. (1)


India proofs

strictly first proofs only of an illustration pulled on “India paper,” but used indiscriminately for all illustrations printed on India paper.


India red

See: VENETIAN RED.


India rubber

A substance obtained from the latex of many tropical plants, especially of the genera Hevae and Ficus and characterized by its elasticity, although this property varies widely depending upon its source and preparation. It was at one time used in the production of adhesive bindings. See a1so: CAOUTCHOUC BINDING.

Bailey, Arthur Low. Library bookbinding. New York. Wilson. 1916.


India tint

A term commonly applied to printing papers to indicate a light buff color.


Indian tragacanth

See: KARAYA GUM.


Indian yellow

A yellow coloring matter prepared from the evaporated urine of cows that have been fed on mango leaves. It is less fugitive than most other yellow lakes. In 1938, however, its production was prohibited on humane grounds, as mango leaves are harmful to the cattle. The term is also applied to a brilliant yellow pigment made from naphthol yellow and used in coating paper.

Mayer, Ralph. A dictionary of art terms and techniques. New York. Crowell. 1969.


indicator

A ribbon, usually of steel, on a GUILLOTINE cutter, ruled to sixteenths of an inch. It is used to read the distance from the front face of the back gauge to the cutting edge of the knife.

Gray, Niel. Paper-cutting machines…Chicago. United Typothetae of America. (Typographical technical series for apprentices, pt. 1, no. 10). c. 1918.


indigo

A blue vat dyestuff, with the formula (C16H10N2O2), formerly derived by fermentation of the leaves of the herbaceous shrubs Isatis tinctoria, Polygonum tinctoria, etc., but now manufactured from anthranilic acid (C16H10N2O2), and used, along with wood ashes, mainly in northern Nigeria, in the removal of hair from goatskin. In the 19th century the natural product was used, in conjunction with sulfuric acid, to make a blue coloring matter for use in the production of leather cover marbles.

Fahey, Herbert, and Peter Fahey. Finishing in hand bookbinding…  San Francisco. The authors. 1951.


industrial binding

A term sometimes applied to early machine produced (edition) bindings of the 19th century.


Inferior letters

Small letters cast near the bottom of the line.


infusorial earth

See: DIATOMACEOUS SILICA.


ingrain

A descriptive term applied to a mottled, rough, or granite appearance in a type of paper used for pamphlet covers.


inhibitor

1. A substance used to reduce the rate of a chemical reaction. Inhibitors are sometimes used in certain types of adhesives to prolong storage- or working-life. 2. Substances that retard or prevent the accumulation of acid in paper or leather, or the growth of mold or fungi on leathers, paper, cloth, adhesives, etc.

Langwell, William Herbert. The conservation of books and documents. London. Pitman. 1957

Skeist, Irving. Handbook of adhesives. New York. Reinhold. 1962.


ink

A general descriptive term for a fluid or viscous material of various colors, hut most often black or blue-black, that is composed essentially of a pigment or dye in a suitable vehicle and used for printing or writing.

The earliest inks were essentially suspensions of soot (carbon) in a gum. They were very suitable for use with papyrus, which was porous enough to absorb the vehicle and entrap the pigment between the fibers. Under these conditions the writing would be permanent, indelible, and harmless to the papyrus. This type of ink was in common use until the 11th century when IRON-GALL INK began to come into prominence.

The introduction of PARCHMENT as a writing material was probably the reason why an ink other than a carbon-gum solution became necessary. Carbon ink would not adhere to the greasy surface of a material such as parchment, and, in any case, it was too easily removed by sponging. See: PALIMPSEST.

Examination of parchment manuscripts from the 9th to 15th centuries indicate that all were written with iron-gall inks in which no trace of carbon could be found. Carbon inks, however, continued to be used for documents, probably until the advent of the "blue-black" ink period. From these somewhat indefinite beginnings, simple iron-gall inks were the predominant inks until about 1860, when the introduction of aniline dyes brought about radical changes in ink manufacture, stemming largely from the fact that in the case of an ANILINE INK, the need for partial oxidation of the ink no longer existed. i Since then the manufacture of ink has become extremely complicated.

Most modern inks are manufactured to overcome one or more of the disadvantages inherent in blue-black inks, including their acidity, muddiness, and less than adequate permanence. When considering permanence it is important to distinguish between printing inks and writing inks, because, as prepared today. the former are more permanent than the latter. Writing inks, having a high degree of permanence, can be made to meet special requirements, but such inks are harmful to the fountain pens. In general, the introduction of writing inks colored with an aniline dye has made the typical modern writing ink less permanent than its predecessor of a century earlier. The stability of good quality printing ink, on the other hand, is such that it usually outlasts the paper, and this is as permanent as it need be. See also: CARBONACEOUS INKS; CARBON INK; CHINESE INK; COLORED INKS; PRINTING INKS; SEPIA INKS.

Apps, E. A. Ink technology for printers and students. New York. Chemical Publishing Co. 1963. 3 vol.

Apps, E. A. Printing ink technology. London. Hill. 1958.

Grant, Julius. Books & documents; dating, permanence and preservation. London. Grafton. 1937.


INK

Printing Ink is a composition formed of two articles, namely, varnish and colouring matter.

The Rev. William Beloe, treating of early printed books in his Anecdotes of Literature, &c., says,—“It must have been immediately obvious that common writing ink, from its want of substance and viscosity, could by no means answer the purpose. But it must excite surprise, and indeed admiration, to perceive how soon the greatest perfection was attained in this particular. So very soon indeed, and so effectually, that very nearly at the same period books were printed at Mentz, at Rome, and at Venice, which may almost defy the competition of succeeding artists.—The Psalter of Fust and Guttenburg, at Mentz, the Lactantius of Sweynheym and Pannartz, at the Subiaco Monastery, and the Pliny of Jenson, at Venice, may be adduced as specimens of extraordinary beauty, with regard to the quality of the ink; not perhaps surpassed, or, if at all, in a very small degree, by the productions of Bodoni at Parma, or the most perfect examples of the London Presses. It is observable that this excellence of the ink is particularly apparent in all the early books printed upon vellum, and in Germany.”

This is strictly true, for the ink has, after a lapse of four hundred years, preserved its beautiful blackness, as I have myself witnessed, particularly in the large Bible printed by Faust and Schœffer, and generally known as the Mentz Bible without Date; but in the seventeenth century the quality had materially retrograded, and it was not till the latter part of the eighteenth century that it began to recover its character, when two or three of our most celebrated printers set about improving the ink of commerce for some very expensive splendid works, but the ingredients which they used they kept a profound secret.

As I believe that I am the only person who has written a practical work on the subject, I will give an extract from the preface of my work on Printing Ink, which will show the state in which this article was at that time.

“The process of making printing ink has never yet been treated of fully by any practical man, either printer or manufacturer, so that this work will come before the public on a subject as new as it is important.

“This assertion may perhaps appear to require some modification, as the following pages will present to the reader many receipts for making printing ink, by preceding authors; but when it is known that this subject is only treated of incidentally by some, and that others of them were not professionally printers, and therefore could scarcely be expected to know what was the desideratum, much less to attain it, we shall have little cause to wonder that all have failed. That they have failed, admits of no question: a long experience in the art of printing in all its branches enables and obliges me to say, that ink made from any one of these receipts could not be used in any printing office in the metropolis.

“Moxon, who wrote the first practical work on printing, gives a detailed method of preparing printing ink after the Dutch manner, which he highly praises; yet this ink would be deemed worthless at present, and although as good as the succeeding ones, he is never quoted on this subject; yet when types are treated of, his name appears in every subsequent work on printing. I believe few printers know his book, the title of which is, “Mechanick Exercises: or, the Doctrine of Handy-works. Applied to the Art of Printing. By Joseph Moxon, Member of the Royal Society, and Hydrographer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.” 2 vols. 4to. 1677, and which has served as the foundation of subsequent works on printing.

“M. le Breton, printer to the King of France, is the next author on this subject. He wrote the article on Printing in the French Encyclopédie, of which the method of making printing ink forms a part. He is continually quoted by succeeding writers, yet his ink would not rank higher than Moxon’s in a printing office.

“J. B. Papillon, a celebrated French engraver on wood, published a treatise on that subject, in which he gave a detailed account of making printing ink, which would not be in greater estimation than Moxon’s and Breton’s.

“Lewis, in his Philosophical Commerce of Arts, relates the results of many experiments on boiling oil, which are of little practical use, and gives the process of making ink from Breton.

“Nicholson, in his Dictionary of Chemistry, gives some passages which purport nothing, and then proceeds to a loose description of the process from Lewis.

“The Messrs. Aikin, in their Dictionary of Chemistry, give a short vague article on the subject, quoting Lewis as their authority.

“Rees’s Cyclopædia contains an article on the subject from Lewis.

“The Printer’s Manual, a French work, published in 1817, gives an account of the process, founded on Breton’s formula.

“The Encyclopædia Britannica is the only work to my knowledge which has broken through the trammels of obsolete authorities, and given a receipt by which a printing ink might be made that could be used; but the editor candidly acknowledges that the article produced would be of an inferior quality.—It is, however, the only real approximation to the knowledge of making an ink that could be worked with; and yet it is deficient in specifying the qualities of the different materials, and also of their due proportions, so that it would not produce a clean working ink, nor an ink of a good colour.

“The information given in the book is not theoretical, but deduced from my own practice; and there is not an article mentioned in the whole treatise but what I have repeatedly employed, nor a receipt given but what has undergone the strictest ordeal—that of being used in the regular way of business. The fine black ink has been pronounced by some of our first printers unrivalled; and the ink for general purposes has been allowed, by the most competent judges, to be fully equal to the high priced inks of the principal manufacturers.

“I have used them myself, and also superintended their use by others to the extent of thousands of impressions printed consecutively, without having found occasion to wash or clean the form or engraving, and this in producing fine work. I am, through this experience, enabled to assert, that I do not think it possible that inks could be produced that would work cleaner or more freely, produce finer impressions, and retain their freshness of colour without imparting stain to the paper, than the inks, both black and coloured, the receipts of which I have published in this work.

“The Society for the Encouragement of Arts showed their sense of my success in this pursuit, by awarding to me their large medal, and a sum of money, for my imitation of drawings printed from engravings on wood with inks of my own preparing; and by an invitation to furnish them with a paper on the preparation of printing ink.

“Knowledge of such a subject as this on which I am treating, must, to possess any value, be practical, not theoretical: without being so, there would not exist a possibility of accurately knowing the imperfections existing in the inks, of estimating the errors and deficiencies, and, least of all, of providing a remedy. Thirty-six years practice in the metropolis, with some previous ones in the country, spent in executing the most common as well as the most splendid works, may perhaps entitle me to feel competency to my undertaking, and encourage the belief of it in others.

“To printers generally, I feel that this work will be of great service, judging from the absolute want of information on the subject, a want that I have experienced in a very high degree during my practice. It will enable every printer to prepare a good ink himself, and to have it always of an uniform quality;—it will enable him to prepare the finest ink without any risk or danger;—it will enable him to prepare coloured ink of any hue at half an hour’s notice, that will work as clean as black ink, when any fancy work is required;—it will enable him to print bankers’ cheques, &c. with a changeable ink, to prevent fraudulent alterations:—it is in fact opening a door to the extension of the powers of the printing press which has hitherto been closed and sealed.”

This was written in 1832, and contains as faithful an account of the state of knowledge as could be acquired at that time on this subject; for the few manufacturers of the article then existing most scrupulously guarded the secret of its preparation, and no really fine ink could be purchased. The publication of my work on Decorative Printing, and of this work on Printing Ink, has effected a great revolution in the art; for previously it was impossible, even in the metropolis, to have any thing printed in a superior way except with black ink, whereas now, there is hardly a printer who would not feel ashamed to avow that he could not execute work in any colour whatever in the same style of workmanship as with black ink. For the method of preparing the different inks, both black and of every colour, with the ingredients and their proportions, I must refer the reader to the book itself.

For the qualities requisite in the best printing ink, see Engravings on Wood, and also Fine Presswork.

By the Act 6 G. 4. c. 111., the Customs Duty on the importation of ink for printers is 1l. 1s. the cwt.


ink absorption

A measure of the extent to which an ink will penetrate into a sheet of paper before it dries.


ink and fold papers

Decorative end- and cover papers produced by laying a sheet of plain rice paper on a lined glass surface to aid in the placement of the design. The glass can be wetted before the paper is laid on, or the paper itself can be thoroughly wetted. The design is laid on with colored inks and a brush, and the paper is then folded twice along its long dimension and then over, forming a square. The square is squeezed tightly to make the color blend, and the paper is then unfolded and allowed to dry. Dots with circles and stripes are commonly used designs for this paper.

Johnson, Pauline. Creative bookbinding. Seattle. University of Washington Press. 1963.


INK BLOCK

The block on which the ink is spread to supply the balls; in wooden presses, it is nailed to the upper near hind rail, and is supported at the bottom by a stay fastened to the lower rail.

It was generally made of a piece of elm wood, between two and three inches thick, with a ledge of fir wood at the back, at one end, and also at part of the front. A quantity of ink was kept in the farther corner, which was rubbed out on the bottom with the brayer, from which it was taken with a ball, and then distributed.

In fine printing that required strong ink, it being found very difficult, in cold weather, to distribute the ink properly, some offices adopted a small table having an iron plate for the top, with a shelf under it for a lamp, which warmed the ink and caused it to work more freely.

The introduction of rollers has superseded the use of the ink block, for which has been substituted an inking apparatus, which see.


ink blocking

The process of blocking titles, or other information, on book covers in black or colored inks. An unheated press and quick-drying printer's ink are used. Drying can be a problem in climates experiencing high relative humidity.


ink holdout

See: HOLDOUT; INK RECEPTIVITY.


ink receptivity

That property of a paper, cloth, etc., that allows it to accept ink in printing and blocking. The capability of the ink to wet the printing surface is essential and in many cases the ability of the paper to absorb the ink vehicle is also important. See also: ABSORBENCY; PRINTABILITY; RECEPTIVITY.

Crown Zellerbach Corp. Making pulp and paper. San Francisco. Crown Zellerbach Corp. 1958. 1 vol.


INKING APPARATUS

The substitution of rollers for balls required a different apparatus for the taking of ink.

Mr. Edward Cowper, of the late firm of Applegath and Cowper, claims the invention of the first apparatus, for which the firm took out a patent. Mr. Cowper kindly favoured me with drawings, and the following description, in the year 1818.

“The apparatus consists of an inking roller, a distributing table, and an ink trough.

“The inking roller is made of wood covered with the elastic composition, [treacle and glue,] it is about three inches diameter and eighteen or twenty inches long, according to the length of the form; it is furnished with two handles which are fixed to the spindle on which the roller turns; the spindle passes through the roller so that when one handle is moved the other is moved also; the handles stand over the roller at right angles to it, this position being from practice found most convenient; a small leg projects from one of the handles, which prevents them from falling on the table and becoming soiled.

“The distributing table is of wood covered with a sheet of lead as level as possible; and the frame on which it stands is of cast iron.

“The ink trough is fixed at one edge of the table, and is composed of a metal roller, turned true, and a thin plate of steel, the edge of the plate presses against the metal roller by means of levers and weights, the ink is placed between the steel plate and the metal roller.

“When the metal roller is turned round it becomes covered with a film of ink, the inking roller is then dabbed against it, and rolled backwards and forwards on the distributing table in different directions; it is then passed two or three times over the form.

“The advantages of this mode of inking are considerable; it is much easier to use than the balls, produces better work, and saves in balls and ink not less than five shillings per week. Its peculiar recommendation is the great regularity of colour which may be obtained, and the delicate manner in which the letter is touched, advantages which render it applicable to the finest specimens of typography.”

The following account is extracted from Hansard’s “Typographia.”

“A more simple and cheap apparatus for this purpose was immediately got up by Mr. Foster, the inventor of the composition balls. It is a stand having its two legs and feet of cast-iron; and its top, upon which the ink is distributed, instead of lead, as in the former apparatus just described, is mahogany. Behind this, elevated about two inches, is the stage for taking the ink on to the roller. At either end of the stage is a recess for receiving the contrivance which contains the ink. This is similar in shape to the brayer formerly used; but turned hollow, with the handle and top to screw on; at the bottom are holes, and when the ink is wanted on the stage, the workman, taking hold of this bottle-brayer, moves it from one recess to the other, drawing it slowly along the stage. In this movement the ink, by its own gravity, will issue out from the holes at the bottom, and leave a portion on the stage, more or less, according to the rapidity or frequency of its transit. [See figure, p. 421.]

“Mr. Arding soon improved upon Foster’s apparatus, by making the ink-stage of cast-iron, with circular recesses; and the whole table more of a solid form; both makers now adopt the same pattern: but the bottle-brayer has not been found to answer, as the ink soon clogs up the holes, and the wood is liable to be split by the screw at the top; and an old servant of the press-room, the common brayer, has again been found the most effective for this purpose.

“I have had several of these inking tables at work, and find a decided preference due to the last described. The mahogany surface seems more congenial to the temperament of the ink and roller, than either the lead or iron. The ink is taken better, and distributes better. A line of colour is taken as perfectly from the stage as from a cylinder, since the roller, being cylindrical, can only touch the ink in a line, and it is only giving the roller a portion of a revolution on the stage to make it take a greater quantity of colour if necessary. More of the flue and dirt, inseparable from the working of paper, is held by the wood than by the lead; and consequently, the roller keeps cleaner, and the forme works better. The table is easily washed by the lye-brush, and no further waste of ink is occasioned.

“This apparatus has been further improved by substituting a box and cylinder for the stage and brayer. The advantage of which will be, that the quantity of ink on the cylinder to come in contact with the roller, is regulated by a pressure at the top, out of the body of the ink, instead of at the bottom against which the ink must rest.

“The cylinder is of mahogany, and, as here shown, moves in a box or trough which contains the ink; and which has a lid moving on hinges coming nearly over the top of the cylinder. To the under edge of this top is nailed a slip of thick butt or sole leather. This, by its naturally elastic quality, will always press upon the cylinder according as the lid is more or less tightly screwed down by thumb-screws. This leather will also intercept in its way any filth which may arise from the depôt of ink before it can reach the cylinder: and which, when accumulated, may, by unscrewing the lid and throwing it open, as in the figure, be instantly scraped away with one stroke of the knife; and no further waste of the ink incurred. No part of the ink in this apparatus is exposed when the lid is down: and only a very small portion of the cylinder at the time of working.”

A wooden table after the pattern of Foster’s apparatus is now generally used, the top is covered with lead on which the ink is distributed on the rollers; the stage on which the ink is taken is not raised more than about a quarter of an inch, and at the two back corners are two recesses, one for the supply of ink, and the other for the brayer, when not in use. See Rollers.

Inking apparatus

William Savage, A Dictionary of the Art of Printing, 1841

Inking apparatus

Inking apparatus


inlaid

A leaf or plate that has been placed within a larger and usually thicker leaf, for the purpose of enlarging its margins and thus its overall size. This is sometimes done to make it as large as the other leaves in a composite volume, in which case it is usually described as "inlaid to size." The term is also applied to the laying down, or re-margining of all four edges of a damaged leaf. The overlapping edges are sometimes shaved thin to prevent bulkiness at the laps.

Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.


inlaid binding

See: INLAY. (4)


inlaid ornaments

See: INLAY. (2)


inlay

1. A strip of kraft or other relatively stiff paper, used to stiffen the spine area of the case of a library binding. The paper used should be between 0.012 and 0.025 inch in thickness, depending on the size of the book. Edition bindings generally do not have inlays. See also: HOLLOW. 2. An illustration, photograph, picture, or other decoration inlaid in the cover of a book. 3. A manuscript, letter, leaf, etc., mounted in a cut-out frame to protect it and/or permit both sides to be viewed. The edges of the plate, etc., are beveled and pasted to the beveled edges of the sheet cut out to its size. 4. A piece of leather, of the same thickness as the leather covering of a book, but usually of a contrasting color, grain, or both, cut to a desired shape for placing into the leather covering, from which a piece of the exact same size and shape has been removed. If the scheme of decoration calls for tooling over the area of the inlay, the leather for the inlay is cut on a bevel so that the grain surface is slightly larger than the flesh side, while the leather covering is cut in the opposite manner. If, however, the area of the inlay is not to be tooled, the inlay and leather covering are cut vertically. Inlaid bindings were produced in great numbers in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France. Onlaid bindings are often mistakenly described as inlaid. Cf: ONLAY. 5. The setting of a leaf or plate into a larger leaf by cutting out a portion of the latter, beveling, and pasting the leaf or plate over the gap.

Hewitt-Bates, James Samuel. Bookbinding. 8th ed. Leicester. Dryad. 1967.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).

Vaughan, Alexander J. Modern bookbinding; a treatise covering both letterpress and stationery branches of the trade…New ed. London. Skilton. 1960.


Inlaying

(1) Extending “extra” illustrations by inserting them in leaves to correspond to the size of a book. (2) A style of Mosaic work made by the insertion of vari-colored leathers or other material on the cover or doublé.

Bib-li-op-e-gis-tic: Pertaining to the Art of Binding Books


inline binding machine

A term borrowed from the packaging field where it is used to indicate a continuous manufacturing process combining many different operations. An example of inline machine work in bookbinding would be in the backer, triple liner and headbanding machine, casing-in machine, book forming and pressing machine, and jacketing machine, all aligned as to speed, controls, etc., and connected to each other by a specially constructed linking conveyor. An "inline" binding machine, therefore is a single completely integrated machine used for the mass production of books. It operates intermittently, the conveying mechanism moving a uniform and predetermined distance, then stopping for a short interval during which the books are subjected to the action of all processing stations at the same time. As each book moves on, it passes through the production steps selected for a specific job.

Sawyer, Harriet Price. How to care for books in a library. 2nd ed. Madison, Wisc. Wisconsin Free Library Commission. (Wisconsin Free Library Commission. Instructional Dept. Pamphlet no. 7). 1912.


INNER FORM

The form that has the second page in it; it is always worked before the outer form, except there be some particular reason to the contrary. See Lay on.


inner lining

1. See: SPINE LINING (1). 2. See: INLAY (1).


inner margin

That margin of a page adjacent to the binding edge of a book. It is the left hand margin of the recto and the right hand margin of the verso of a book that reads from left to right. See also: GUTTER.

Feipel, Louis Nicholas, and Earl W. Browning. Library bookbinding manual…Chicago. American Library Association. 1951.


INNER TYMPAN

A frame covered with parchment, which fits into the outer tympan; two flat points slip under the head-band of the outer tympan, which secure that end in its place; and the sides are kept down by two hooks on each side of the outer tympan which turn into eyes screwed into the sides of the inner tympan; in iron presses the hooks turn round studs, under the heads.

In page. See Out page.


inorganic acids

Acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, etc., that are usually very corrosive and are often relatively nonvolatile. Also known as mineral acids. Cf: ORGANIC ACIDS.


insect wax

A WAX such as that obtained from China, where insects such as Coccus ceriferus deposit the wax on trees. The wax is scraped off and washed on the surface of hot water before being cast into molds and set in blocks. It has a softening range of 80 to 84° C., and is very firm, like beeswax, and consequently is useful in providing body for leather dressings to be used in very hot climates.

Reed, Ronald. Ancient skin, parchments and leathers. London. Seminar Press. 1972.


insert

1. A piece of blank paper or card laid between the leaves of a book and not secured. Inserting is sometimes required to compensate for the swelling of the spine caused by the added bulk of the sewing thread. 2. An additional printed leaf or leaves, circular, etc., placed between the leaves of a book, pamphlet, newspaper, etc. 3. See: INSET (1).

Clowes, William Beaufoy. A guide to printing. London. Heineman. 1963.

Hitchcock, Frederick H. The building of a book…2nd ed. New York. Bowker. 1929.

Stevenson, George A. Graphic arts encyclopedia. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1968.


inserted

A term describing folded sections on which pasting or inserting has been accomplished, the sections then being ready for gathering.


inserted after binding

Bulky maps, plans, etc., which require many folds and which are to be tipped into the book subsequent to binding, as they might otherwise interfere with trimming. In order to compensate for the bulk of this material, and thus prevent gaping of the covers of the finished book, a COMPENSATION GUARD is usually included in the binding of the book. See also: LIPPED; THROW OUT.


INSERTION

If the compositor have left out words or lines, the corrector inserts it, and makes this mark ‸ where it is left out, which is called the mark for insertion.—M. This is now called an “Out;” an insertion is when the author makes any addition in the proof sent to him.


inset

1. A section placed within another section so that the subsequent sewing passes through the folds of both. The inset may be four pages only or multiples of four pages and may be placed in the center of the outer section, or on the outside, where is is wrapped around the main section. In rare cases it is sometimes located in some intermediate position. Insetting is of considerable importance as a method of incorporating plates into a section without resorting to tipping-in. Where the plates are on the outside of the section they are sometimes referred to as "outserts" or "wrap arounds." If the section to be insetted is required to complete the succession of pages, it is called an "offcut." 2. A small map, illustration, etc., set within the border of a larger one.

British Federation of Master Printers. Preliminary technical course in printing. London. British Federation of Master Printers. 1967. 7 vol.

Radford, Richard George. Letterpress machine work. New York. Staples Press. 1951. 2 vol.


INSET

The same as offcut: with printers it is called an offcut; when the work comes into the hands of the bookbinder, and the sheets are folded, it then becomes an inset, being inserted in the middle of the sheet, to complete the regular succession of pages.


inset

The pages cut off in folding and placed in the middle of the sheet.


inset

The inner pages of a sheet, cut off in folding certain sizes; to be inset in the centre of the sheet.

The Art of Bookbinding: A Practical Treatise


inset

the portion of a sheet cut off and inserted in folding certain sizes, such as duodecimo, &c. (see Fig. 4).


inset

When one sheet is placed inside of another, both being folded.


inside borders

See: TURN-INS (1).


inside dentelle

See: DENTELLE.


Inside margins

the border made by the turn in of the leather on the inside face of the boards (see Fig. 116).


Inside margins

The border made by the turn in of the leather on the inside of boards.


INSIDE QUIRES

The regular and perfect quires of paper, of twenty-four good sheets each; they are thus designated to distinguish them from the outside or corded quires.

Interrogation. See Punctuation.


inside rolling block

A block of wood the thickness of a book so that its opened cover will lie perfectly flat on its top. It has a concave edge into which the rounded spine of the book fits, thus providing support for the entire cover up to the joint. It is used when finishing the inside of the cover, and tooling the turn-ins. Several sizes of block are required for books of different thicknesses.

Diehl, Edith. Bookbinding; its background and technique. New York. Rinehart. 1946. 2 vol.


inside tins

See: PRESSING TINS (2).


inside tins

So called from being placed inside of the boards when the volume is put in the standing-press.


inside tins

Sheets of tin; so called from being placed inside the boards when a book is put in the standing-press.


INSOLVENT DEBTORS

1 & 2 Vict. c. 110. “An Act for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions, except in certain Cases; for extending any Remedies of Creditors against the Property of Debtors; and for amending the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in England.”

s. 115. “And be it enacted, That the Sum of Three Shillings, and no more, shall be paid to any Printer or Proprietor of any Newspaper for the Insertion of any Advertisement by this Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper; and all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers are hereby required to insert the same, on Payment of the said Sum of Three Shillings for the Insertion thereof, in such Form as the said Court or any Commissioner thereof shall from Time to Time direct.

s. 116. “And be it enacted, That no Letter of Attorney, Affidavit, Certificate, or other Proceeding, Instrument, or Writing whatsoever, before or under any Order of any Commissioner thereof, or before any Justice or Justices of the Peace acting in the Execution of this Act, nor any Copy thereof, nor any Advertisement inserted in any Newspaper by the Direction of the said Court, relating to Matters within the Jurisdiction of the said Court, shall be liable to or chargeable or charged with the Payment of any Stamp or other Duty whatsoever; and that no Sale of any Real or Personal Estate of any such Prisoner as aforesaid for the Benefit of his or her Creditors, under this Act, shall be liable to any Auction Duty.”

Upon a representation made in the House of Commons, that s. 115. bore hard on the proprietors of newspapers, it was modified by the Act of 2 & 3 Vict. c. 39. intituled, “An Act to amend an Act passed in the last Session of Parliament, for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions except in certain Cases, for extending the Remedies of Creditors against the Property of Debtors, and for amending the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in England.

s. 1. “Whereas by an Act passed in the last Session of Parliament, intituled, ‘An Act for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions except in certain Cases, for extending the Remedies of Creditors against the Property of Debtors, and for amending the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in England,’ it was amongst other things enacted, that the Sum of Three Shilling and no more shall be paid to any Printer or Proprietor of a Newspaper for the Insertion of any Advertisement by that Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper, and all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers were thereby required to insert the same, on Payment of the said Sum of Three Shillings for the Insertion thereof, in such Form as the Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors, or any Commissioner thereof, should from Time to Time direct: And whereas it is just and expedient that the said Act should be altered and amended as herein-after mentioned: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much of the said Act as is herein-before recited shall be and the same is hereby repealed; and that from and after the passing of this Act, all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers shall and are hereby required to insert any Advertisement or Advertisements by the said recited Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper, on Payment of a reasonable Compensation for the Insertion thereof, in such Form as the said Court, or any Commissioner thereof, shall from Time to Time direct.”

Insolvent Debtors, Ireland. 3 & 4 Vict. c. 107. “An Act to continue and amend the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in Ireland.

s. 101. “And be it enacted, That all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers shall and they are hereby required to insert any Advertisement or Advertisements by this Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper, on Payment of such reasonable Compensation for the Insertion thereof, and in such Form, as the said Court, or any Commissioner thereof, shall from Time to Time direct.

s. 102. “And be it enacted, That no Letter of Attorney, Affidavit, Certificate, or other Proceeding, Instrument, or Writing whatsoever, before or under any Order of the said Court, or before or under any Order of any Commissioner thereof, nor any Copy thereof, nor an Advertisement inserted in any Newspaper by the Direction of the said Court or a Commissioner thereof, or the Chief Clerk of the said Court, relating to Matters within the Jurisdiction of the said Court, shall be liable to or chargeable or charged with the Payment of any Stamp or other Duty whatsoever; and that no Sale of any Real or Personal Estate of any such Prisoner as aforesaid for the Benefit of his or her Creditors, under this Act, shall be liable to any Auction Duty.”


intaglio

1. The impression formed by a ROLL (1) cut in relief in which the sunken part of the leather forms the design. 2. A type of watermarking with a DANDY ROLL. Also called "shadow watermark. See: WATERMARK.


integral cover

See: SELF-COVER.


integrated bookbinding

A craft bookbinding which displays surface imagery that is intended to interpret and project the essence of the communication of the author of the book. This imagery is also inseparable from the style of any illustrative matter contained in the text, and sympathetic to the typographical format. The design elements work consistently throughout the book and its binding. Integrated bookbinding excludes unrelated surface decoration.

Smith, Philip. New directions in bookbinding. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1974.


interleaved

1. An extra leaf, usually blank, inserted between the printed leaves of a book, generally for the writing of notes, or, if thin tissues, to prevent text and illustration from rubbing together, in which case it is more appropriately called a BARRIER SHEET. 2. A plate which has a thin leaf bearing a descriptive caption pasted to the inner margin. A leaf of cellophane is a modern version of this.

Melcher, Daniel, and Nancy Larrick. Printing and promotion handbook …3rd ed. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1966.


interleaving blotting paper

A thin blotting paper used between freshly printed sheets to prevent ink from being OFFSET (2) to other sheets, or to absorb (dry) fresh writing in ink. It is produced in a basis weight of 20 pounds (19 X 24—500).

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


interleaving paper

See: BARRIER SHEET.


interlocking clamp and back gauge

Recesses in the clamp and back gauge of a GUILLOTINE cutter which permit the back gauge to push the pile to be cut further forward than would be possible if both clamp and back gauge were solid. Its purpose is to allow for cutting narrow strips. In normal cutting, a flat solid plate fits over the clamp to prevent it from indenting the stock.

Gray, Niel. Paper-cutting machines…Chicago. United Typothetae of America. (Typographical technical series for apprentices, pt. 1, no. 10). c. 1918.


intermediate colors

The six colors located between the primary and, secondary colors of the spectrum, and which are green-blue, blue-violet, red-violet, red-orange, orange-yellow, and yellow-green.

Mayer, Ralph. A dictionary of art terms and techniques. New York. Crowell. 1969.


internal bond strength

The strength of the adhesion between body stock and coating of a paper. Low internal bond strength will sometimes result in picking of the clay coating from paper when it is printed with a tacky ink.


internal stress

Stress created within an adhesive film because of different rates of movement of the joint, or by the contraction or expansion of the adhesive itself.


internally plasticized

An adhesive which has had the plasticizing agent introduced as part of the adhesive molecule during the manufacturing process, as contrasted with an adhesive to which the plasticizer is added by the user. The adhesive is copolymerized with the plasticizer to form the internally plasticized adhesive.


international paper sizes

Standard sizes of paper that are recognized internationally. The international "A" series of paper sizes, which are now widely recognized throughout the world are:

Designation                 Trimmed Size

Millimeters               Inches

4A            1,682 by 2,378         66.22 by 93.62

2A            1,189 by 1,682         46.81 by 66.22

A0              841 by 1,189         33.11 by 46.81

A1              594 by 841           23.39 by 33.11

A2              420 by 594           16.54 by 23.39

A3              297 by 420           11.69 by 16.54

A4              210 by 297            8.27 by 11.69

A5              148 by 210            5.83 by 8.27

A6              105 by 148            4.13 by 5.83

A7               74 by 105            2.91 by 4.13

A8               52 by 74             2.05 by 2.91

A9               37 by 52             1.46 by 2.05

A10              26 by 37             1.05 by 1.46


invading the print

See: CROPPED (1).


inverted pages

The arrangement of a book or periodical issue containing two separate works issued together, and bound or imposed in such a manner that one is inverted with respect to the other, each beginning at one end of the volume or issue and concluding in the interior. Each may have its own title page and perhaps blank leaves between the two works. See also: DOS À DOS BINDING.


invisible joint

The joint of an endpaper consisting of a reinforcing fabric, usually linen or cambric, so constructed that it cannot be seen in the finished book. Sometimes called a "concealed joint. "

Cunha, George Daniel Martin. Conservation of library materials. Metuchen, N.J. Scarecrow. 1967.


invoice

An itemized statement, in greater or lesser detail, furnished by the binder to the library, specifying the work done, the prices for the work, and (sometimes) the terms of payment.


IRISH

“Mr. Innes, in his Essay on the Antiquities of Scotland and Ireland, delivers it as his opinion, that the Beth Louis Nion, or alphabet of the Irish, was nothing but an invention of the Irish Seanachies, who, since they received the use of Letters, put the Latin alphabet into a new arbitrary order, and assigned to each letter a name of some Tree; and that this was not a genuine alphabet of the Irish in ancient times, or peculiar to them; but was a bare inversion of the Latin alphabet.

“Colonel Vallancey, (in his Irish Grammar,) gives three different alphabets of the Irish language, which vary from each other in name, order, and number; the first consists of twenty-five letters, the second of twenty-six, and the last of seventeen. As for the Irish letters being different in power from those of other nations, it must be observed, that the powers of letters differ in every language, and the mode of pronouncing the same letters is various in different countries: the Irish characters are said to be of Asiatic original—granted.—But they appear to have been transmitted to the inhabitants of that country from those who had adopted the Roman letters.

“It is singular, but it is no less true, that the Norman characters were generally used in England from the coming of William the First, and that the Saxon characters were intirely disused in the very beginning of the twelfth century; but the Irish and Scots preserved the ancient forms of their characters till the end of the sixteenth century.”—Astle.

The most ancient grammar of the Irish language now extant, is the Uraiceact na Neigeas, or Primer of the Bards, written by Forchern some few years before our vulgar æra, transcribed and illustrated by Ceannfaolidh na foghlama, or Kinfaolidh the learned, an author of the seventh century. The alphabet, according to this author, was originally named bobel, loth, &c. from the names of certain masters who assisted in composing the Japhetan language soon after the confusion of tongues.

As the Grecians gave the name of alphabet to the table of their letters from the two initial letters, Alpha, Beta; and the Latins called their table Abcdarium from their three first letters, A, B, C. So the Irish gave the name of Bobel, Loth, to their ancient elements, from the two first letters B, L; and to their more modern alphabet, that of Bethluisnon, from B, L, N, which proves that N did formerly possess the third place; whereas in the present alphabet it takes up the fifth. The last and most modern name of the Irish alphabet, in conformity to the Abcdarium of the Romans, is Abgiter.

The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to Forchern’s Uraiceact.

It is remarkable in all the Irish alphabets, (except the modern one, the order of which is copied from the Roman, and introduced since Christianity,) that the vowels follow each other; an instance not known in any other language, yet the labials, dentals and linguals, are intermixed without order.

The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to O’Flaherty, from the Book of Lecane.

Of these letters, the five last are diphthongs. Q, Ng, Z, are reckoned superfluous consonants, and are thrown out of the modern alphabet, so that the remaining letters are only 17, which compose the abgitur or alphabet now in use, and are placed in order as the Latin abcdarium.

The ancient grammarians called the alphabet Faoidh, or Faodh, i.e. a a voice, a sound or language; because such letters are expressive of the voice and language. The moderns, to support their hypothesis, have corrupted this word to Feadh, a wood; and from hence have denominated the letters after certain trees, three of which they are at a loss to expound. According to Neuman, the Hebrew letters do each separately signify the idea either of motion, space, or matter; hence each Hebrew word is at once a name, and a definition of the subject, and all objects in the natural and moral world must be known as soon as their names are known, and their separate letters considered. The proper names of men being borrowed from such ideas as Adam, i.e. red earth, it is more rational to suppose our learned ancestors named their letters according to Forchern, from men, rather than from trees.—A Grammar of the Iberno-Celtic, or Irish Language. By Major Charles Vallancey. 4to. Dublin, 1773.

The Modern Alphabet.

In addition to the above eighteen letters, the ancients used the following in their alphabet:—

Table of Mutable Consonants and of Eclipses.

[Irish-English Guide to the Irish Language. By Thaddæus Connellan, 12mo. Lond. 1824.]

The vowels are five in number, a, o, u, e, i, whereof the three first, a, o, u, are broad, and the two last, e, i, are narrow.

In words of two or more syllables, regard must be had to the correspondence of the vowels, for when the last vowel of the former syllable is a broad vowel, the first vowel of the following syllable must be broad also; and when in some latter syllable the vowel is small, the last of the immediately preceding must be small also. Example, du-ne, a man, is false orthography, because the last syllable ending in a small vowel, the first must end in a small one also, as dui-ne.

No vowel is ever to be doubled as ee, oo, &c. in the same syllable.

The diphthongs, or union of two vowels, are thirteen.

The triphthongs are five,

Vallancey, by omitting the letter R, reduces the modern alphabet to seventeen letters; Connellan, by admitting this letter, increases it to eighteen.

Hibernian or Irish Types in the British Founderies.

Pica.—Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut by Fry from drawings made by, and under the superintendence of Mr. Thaddæus Connellan.

Small Pica.—Thorowgood and Besley; this was also cut by Fry from drawings by Mr. Connellan, and under the same circumstances as the Pica. V. and J. Figgins; this was copied from the engravings in Vallancey’s Irish Grammar. I have given the modern alphabet in this character.

Long Primer.—Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut for Bagster’s edition of the New Testament in Irish, printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society.

The Forchern Alphabet

The Lecane Alphabet

The Feadh Alphabet

Additional characters

Consonants, Eclipses and Contractions


Irish moss

The dried and bleached plants of two red algae, Chrondrus crispus and Gigartina mamillosa, used to some extent in the production of MARBLING SIZE.

See also: CARRAGHEEN MOSS.

Loring, Rosamond Bowditch. Decorated book papers…1st ed. 1942; 2nd ed. 1952. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.


iron

1. A heavy, malleable, ductile metal (Fe), of which some papermaking beaters are constructed. Minute specks of iron, which is chemically active, sometimes break off, enter the papermaking slurry, and become part of the paper. Iron may act as a catalyst in the conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfuric acid, which is highly destructive to paper. 2. An old measure of the thickness of a leather, one iron being equal to 1/48 inch. See also: LEATHER SUBSTANCE TABLE.


iron acetates

Ferric acetate (Fe(CH3CO2)3), and ferrous acetate (FE(CH3CO2)2), deep red and pale green respectively and used, largely in the 19th century, to treat leather bindings for "sprinkled" and "tree" effects. See also: TREE CALF.


iron bindings

Bookbindings, usually of German origin, which have covers of iron, cast in the form of grillwork composed of bars and scrolls and riveted onto the boards. The style was also employed in England in the 19th century.

Hannett, John. Bibliopegia; or, the art of bookbinding… London. Simkim, Marshall. 1848.


iron-gall ink

An INK produced by the reaction of tannic acid with an iron salt, such as ferrous sulfate (FeSO). The reaction produces no immediate change in the color of the solution, but, when the ink is applied to paper and is thus exposed to air, it darkens by oxidation, forming ferric tannate. The difficulty of writing with a colorless fluid was partially overcome by the addition of gum arabic to the solution, as well as some pre-exposure to air, so as to form of the ferric tannate before use. The gum arabic served to prevent the ferric tannate from settling out of solution. There were disadvantages to this procedure, such as the tendency of the ferric tannate to settle out despite the gum arabic, and the tendency of the ink to remain on the surface of the writing material instead of impregnating the fibers. This was due to the fact that the ink had formed before meeting the paper, and the result was that it could be removed rather easily by washing once the water had loosened the gum. In an effort to overcome these problems, various coloring matters were added to the original solution, including extracts of logwood, and, at a later date, indigo. Other than being colored at the outset, iron-gall inks treated in this manner had several advantages: the oxidation and consequent deposition of solid matter was restrained and the ink therefore penetrated the fibers more readily; the penetration was assisted by the absence of gum arabic because the ink could then flow more freely; oxidation occurred only on the paper, and the ink then changed from blue to black; and the addition of the indigo also increased the resistance of the ink to fading and bleaching.

Iron-gall ink does have one serious disadvantage. Free acid is often present, which not only corrodes steel pens badly, but, far worse, attacks the paper, as well as certain of the dyes used to color them.

There is also the so-called Japan ink, which consists of almost completely oxidized iron tannate with large proportions of gum, which gives a black glossy effect immediately; and an ink made from logwood and iron, without the addition of tannic acid, which has a greenish shade which eventually changes to black.

Iron-gall inks came into use in the 9th century and by the 11th century had largely replaced carbon inks as a writing medium.

Grant, Julius. Books & documents; dating, permanence and preservation. London. Grafton. 1937.


ironing

The process of smoothing the grain surface of finished leather. Ironing customarily follows BOARDING (1), and, although the grain is again made smooth by the ironing, the pattern produced by the boarding remains. The ironing makes the boarded leather softer and more flexible. It may be done by hand (much in the same manner as clothes are ironed), or, more commonly today in rotary ironing machines, in which the leather is passed over a polished, heated steel cylinder, which is thermostatically controlled at a pre-set temperature. The fine effect of ironing seemingly cannot be obtained by other processes, such as smooth-plating.

Wilson, John Arthur. Modern practice in leather 367. manufacture. New York. Reinhold. 1941.


isinglass

A semi-transparent whitish substance consisting of a very pure form of gelatin, produced from the sounds (swimming bladders) of the sturgeon (Acipenser huso, and other species of Acipenser), found in the Caspian and Black Seas. After removal, the bladders are cut open, soaked in water, spread out and the outer silvery membrane removed by rubbing. The isinglass contains about 80o collagen. It is used as a clarifying agent, in the manufacture of fish glue, and as a size for handmade paper. Its use in recent years has greatly diminished, due to the rise in use of synthetic materials and gelatin.

Kingzett, Charles Thomas. Kingzett's chemical encyclopedia; a digest of chemistry & its industrial applications. Ed. by D. H. Hey, and others. 9th ed. London. Baillière, Tindell and Cassell. 1966.

Town, Laurence. Bookbinding by hand, for students and craftsmen. New York. Pitman. 1950 (1951).


isometric colors

Colors that appear to be identical but actually have different chemical and/or physical properties. Burnt umber and a mixture of burnt sienna, black, and a small part of green, for example, create an exact imitation of the mass tone of burnt umber.


Italian style

See: ALDINE (ITALIAN) STYLE.


ITS OWN PAPER

When one, two, three, or more copies of a sheet of a work, or a job, are printed on the paper that the whole is intended to be worked on, it is said to be Pulled on its own Paper. This is frequently done at the commencement of a work, when a proof of the first sheet is sent to the author, or bookseller, or both; that they may see the effect produced before it is proceeded with.

Jeff. See Throw.


ivory

The hard, creamy-white, opaque, fine-grained, elastic, modified dentine, that makes up the tusks of elephants and other (large) land and marine animals. Ivory has been used as a writing and decorating medium because of the fineness of its grain, its warm tone, the ease with which it can be given a high polish, its adaptability for writing and carving, and, when properly cared for, its remarkable durability.

Ivory was used for the covers of books in the Middle Ages, but not by English bookbinders until the mania for novelty and commercial advantage led to its use in about 1860. It has also been used in the manufacture of superior diptychs, as clasps for books, and for the folders used in bookbinding.

Middleton, Bernard C. A history of English craft bookbinding technique. New York. Hafner. 1963.

Prideaux, Sarah Treverbian. An historical sketch of bookbinding. London. Lawrence & Bullen. 1893.


ivory black

A fine, velvety, carbonaceous, black pigment, prepared by calcining ivory scraps; at one time, used in the production of black marbling color, and, until recently, in the production of an ink used in copperplate printing.


ivory bristol

A bristol board used for a variety of purposes, including lightweight binders' board. It is an uncoated board with a high finish and a clear formation, and is somewhat translucent. The board is produced from cotton fibers and chemical wood pulps in basis weights of 70 to 90 pounds (22 1/2 X 28 1/2—500).

<!-- BEGIN J -->

Clowes, William Beaufoy. A guide to printing. London. Heineman. 1963.


j pattern

A pebbled pattern in a book cloth similar in appearance to a morocco grain in goatskin.

Palmer, Elbridge Woodman. A course in bookbinding for vocational training. New York. Employing bookbinders of America. 1927.


jacket

1. See: BOOK JACKET. 2. A detachable outer cover for a bound book, designed to protect the binding from wear and soiling. It is frequently made of a clear plastic and is more or less easy to remove. 3. See: JOB TICKET.

Teigen, Kit. Graphic arts, an introduction…Wayne, Pa. Management Development Institute. 1968.


jaconet

A lightweight cotton cloth with a semi-glaze finish which enables it to resist briefly the penetration of adhesives. It is often used as a reinforcing material in bookbinding because it provides strength without excessive bulk.

Middleton, Bernard C. The restoration of leather bindings. Chicago. American Library Association. (A. L. A. Library Technology Project, LTP publication no. 18). 1972.


Jaffé, Mair

An itinerant Jewish bookbinder of ülm who worked at Nurnberg and was a master of the art of CUIR-CISELÉ, as applied to the embellishment of books. Jaffé bound a Hebrew Pentatuch manuscript which was decorated with beautifully designed animal figures, and he also bound books for wealthy Nurnberg patricians. It is notable that none of Jaffé's bindings include any Christian symbols, but instead were decorated with heraldic and ornamental designs composed of unicorns, flowers, hounds, and motifs of a similar nature.

Goldschmidt, Ernst Philip. Gothic and Renaissance bookbindings. 2nd ed. Amsterdam. Israel. 1967. 2 vol.


Jansen style

Without line or ornament either in blank or gold. It permits decoration on the inside cover, but demands absolute plainness on the outside, with the exception of lettering. It is only appropriate for crushed levant, it being dependent for its beauty on the polished surface of the leather.


Jansen, Cornelius

See: JANSENIST STYLE.


Jansenist style

Originally, a French style of book decoration of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, named after the followers of Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), the Bishop of Ypres, who advocated personal holiness and austerity. The books were embellished only by a centerpiece (often armorial) and corner fleurons, or by elaborate doublures tooled with dentelle borders but with no decoration at all on the spine and covers.

Carter, John. A B C for book collectors. 5th ed. London. Hart Davis. 1972.

Horne, Herbert Percy. The binding of books; an essay in the history of gold-tooled bindings. 2nd ed. New York. Haskell House. 1970.


Japan ink

See: IRON-GALL INK.


Japan marble

A cover marble of a shaded red, produced by coating the leather with potash water (potash alum), brazilin and glair, followed by copperas water (ferrous sulfate) and the red coloring in large drops, which were made to run down the covers. After the.colors had dried, the covers were then washed several times with more of the brazilin, which added gloss.

Cowie's bookbinder's manual; containing a full description of leather and vellum binding…7th ed. London. Strange. (186-).


Japan wax

A soft, yellowish WAX having adhesive properties. It is obtained from the berries of the Japanese sumac (Rhus verniciflua and other species of Rhus), and used in some leather dressings. It is not a true wax but a glyceride, and contains palmitin with free palmitic acid. It has a softening range of 50 to 56° C., but upon being solidified, is likely to have an erratically lower softening point for some time thereafter.

Horton, Carolyn. Cleaning and preserving bindings and related materials. Chicago. American Library Association. (Conservation of library materials pamphlet no. l; Library Technology Project publications, no. 16). 1969.

Reed, Ronald. Ancient skin, parchments and leathers. London. Seminar Press. 1972.


Japanese copying paper

A very thin, strong paper made in Japan from long-fibered stock, such as mitsumata and the paper mulberry. It is a very versatile paper, and depending on the thickness, may be used for mending torn book leaves, for the overall lining of paper as reinforcement, for reinforcing the folds of sections, or for mending hinges. Japanese copying paper is for the most part handmade, the fibers being pulped by hand and the sheets made on molds of bamboo or hair. The length of the fibers gives the paper exceptional strength and wearing characteristics, and when it is torn, the fibers pull apart rather than tear. Also called "long-fibered Japanese tissue."

American Paper and Pulp Association. The dictionary of paper, including pulp, paperboard, paper properties and related papermaking terms. 3rd ed. New York. American Paper and Pulp Association. 1965.


Japanese sewing

See illustration</> A method of sewing leaves or sections which, despite the name, was actually developed in China. The method involves gathering and jogging the leaves, and then drilling a hole through the entire thickness of the pile in the center anywhere from /4 to 3/4 inch from the edge of the spine, or more depending on the size of the book, the nature of the paper, and the extent of the binding margin. Additional holes are then drilled on either side of the center hole at uniform distances, the total number, including the one in the center, being an odd number. The sewing proceeds from the center hole to the head of the book, over the head and then down over the spine past the center hole to the tail and then back to the center. When the sewing is completed, the ends are tied in a flat knot on the out side. An alternative method is to begin at either end, in which case the number of holes may be even or odd. Thread, cord, string, yarn, tape, or rope fibers can be used. Japanese sewing may be considered as a form of SIDE SEWING (or stabbing) and, although it does not allow much flexibility, especially with small books, it is an extremely strong method of sewing, possibly one of the strongest ever devised.

Johnson, Pauline. Creative bookbinding. Seattle. University of Washington Press. 1963.


Japanese silk

A type of SILK that is more closely woven and of finer threads than the usual silk. It is also a double warp fabric, i.e., the warp and filling threads are of the same thickness. Japanese silk is less likely to fray along cut edges than ordinary silk, which makes it useful for SILK FLYLEAVES.