inset

The inner pages of a sheet, cut off in folding certain sizes; to be inset in the centre of the sheet.

The Art of Bookbinding: A Practical Treatise


inset

the portion of a sheet cut off and inserted in folding certain sizes, such as duodecimo, &c. (see Fig. 4).

Public domain (Project Gutenberg, pre-1930 text)


inset

When one sheet is placed inside of another, both being folded.


Inside margins

the border made by the turn in of the leather on the inside face of the boards (see Fig. 116).


Inside margins

The border made by the turn in of the leather on the inside of boards.


INSIDE QUIRES

The regular and perfect quires of paper, of twenty-four good sheets each; they are thus designated to distinguish them from the outside or corded quires.

Interrogation. See Punctuation.


inside tins

So called from being placed inside of the boards when the volume is put in the standing-press.


inside tins

Sheets of tin; so called from being placed inside the boards when a book is put in the standing-press.


INSOLVENT DEBTORS

1 & 2 Vict. c. 110. “An Act for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions, except in certain Cases; for extending any Remedies of Creditors against the Property of Debtors; and for amending the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in England.”

s. 115. “And be it enacted, That the Sum of Three Shillings, and no more, shall be paid to any Printer or Proprietor of any Newspaper for the Insertion of any Advertisement by this Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper; and all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers are hereby required to insert the same, on Payment of the said Sum of Three Shillings for the Insertion thereof, in such Form as the said Court or any Commissioner thereof shall from Time to Time direct.

s. 116. “And be it enacted, That no Letter of Attorney, Affidavit, Certificate, or other Proceeding, Instrument, or Writing whatsoever, before or under any Order of any Commissioner thereof, or before any Justice or Justices of the Peace acting in the Execution of this Act, nor any Copy thereof, nor any Advertisement inserted in any Newspaper by the Direction of the said Court, relating to Matters within the Jurisdiction of the said Court, shall be liable to or chargeable or charged with the Payment of any Stamp or other Duty whatsoever; and that no Sale of any Real or Personal Estate of any such Prisoner as aforesaid for the Benefit of his or her Creditors, under this Act, shall be liable to any Auction Duty.”

Upon a representation made in the House of Commons, that s. 115. bore hard on the proprietors of newspapers, it was modified by the Act of 2 & 3 Vict. c. 39. intituled, “An Act to amend an Act passed in the last Session of Parliament, for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions except in certain Cases, for extending the Remedies of Creditors against the Property of Debtors, and for amending the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in England.

s. 1. “Whereas by an Act passed in the last Session of Parliament, intituled, ‘An Act for abolishing Arrest on Mesne Process in Civil Actions except in certain Cases, for extending the Remedies of Creditors against the Property of Debtors, and for amending the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in England,’ it was amongst other things enacted, that the Sum of Three Shilling and no more shall be paid to any Printer or Proprietor of a Newspaper for the Insertion of any Advertisement by that Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper, and all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers were thereby required to insert the same, on Payment of the said Sum of Three Shillings for the Insertion thereof, in such Form as the Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors, or any Commissioner thereof, should from Time to Time direct: And whereas it is just and expedient that the said Act should be altered and amended as herein-after mentioned: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much of the said Act as is herein-before recited shall be and the same is hereby repealed; and that from and after the passing of this Act, all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers shall and are hereby required to insert any Advertisement or Advertisements by the said recited Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper, on Payment of a reasonable Compensation for the Insertion thereof, in such Form as the said Court, or any Commissioner thereof, shall from Time to Time direct.”

Insolvent Debtors, Ireland. 3 & 4 Vict. c. 107. “An Act to continue and amend the Laws for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in Ireland.

s. 101. “And be it enacted, That all Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers shall and they are hereby required to insert any Advertisement or Advertisements by this Act directed to be inserted in any Newspaper, on Payment of such reasonable Compensation for the Insertion thereof, and in such Form, as the said Court, or any Commissioner thereof, shall from Time to Time direct.

s. 102. “And be it enacted, That no Letter of Attorney, Affidavit, Certificate, or other Proceeding, Instrument, or Writing whatsoever, before or under any Order of the said Court, or before or under any Order of any Commissioner thereof, nor any Copy thereof, nor an Advertisement inserted in any Newspaper by the Direction of the said Court or a Commissioner thereof, or the Chief Clerk of the said Court, relating to Matters within the Jurisdiction of the said Court, shall be liable to or chargeable or charged with the Payment of any Stamp or other Duty whatsoever; and that no Sale of any Real or Personal Estate of any such Prisoner as aforesaid for the Benefit of his or her Creditors, under this Act, shall be liable to any Auction Duty.”


IRISH

“Mr. Innes, in his Essay on the Antiquities of Scotland and Ireland, delivers it as his opinion, that the Beth Louis Nion, or alphabet of the Irish, was nothing but an invention of the Irish Seanachies, who, since they received the use of Letters, put the Latin alphabet into a new arbitrary order, and assigned to each letter a name of some Tree; and that this was not a genuine alphabet of the Irish in ancient times, or peculiar to them; but was a bare inversion of the Latin alphabet.

“Colonel Vallancey, (in his Irish Grammar,) gives three different alphabets of the Irish language, which vary from each other in name, order, and number; the first consists of twenty-five letters, the second of twenty-six, and the last of seventeen. As for the Irish letters being different in power from those of other nations, it must be observed, that the powers of letters differ in every language, and the mode of pronouncing the same letters is various in different countries: the Irish characters are said to be of Asiatic original—granted.—But they appear to have been transmitted to the inhabitants of that country from those who had adopted the Roman letters.

“It is singular, but it is no less true, that the Norman characters were generally used in England from the coming of William the First, and that the Saxon characters were intirely disused in the very beginning of the twelfth century; but the Irish and Scots preserved the ancient forms of their characters till the end of the sixteenth century.”—Astle.

The most ancient grammar of the Irish language now extant, is the Uraiceact na Neigeas, or Primer of the Bards, written by Forchern some few years before our vulgar æra, transcribed and illustrated by Ceannfaolidh na foghlama, or Kinfaolidh the learned, an author of the seventh century. The alphabet, according to this author, was originally named bobel, loth, &c. from the names of certain masters who assisted in composing the Japhetan language soon after the confusion of tongues.

As the Grecians gave the name of alphabet to the table of their letters from the two initial letters, Alpha, Beta; and the Latins called their table Abcdarium from their three first letters, A, B, C. So the Irish gave the name of Bobel, Loth, to their ancient elements, from the two first letters B, L; and to their more modern alphabet, that of Bethluisnon, from B, L, N, which proves that N did formerly possess the third place; whereas in the present alphabet it takes up the fifth. The last and most modern name of the Irish alphabet, in conformity to the Abcdarium of the Romans, is Abgiter.

The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to Forchern’s Uraiceact.

It is remarkable in all the Irish alphabets, (except the modern one, the order of which is copied from the Roman, and introduced since Christianity,) that the vowels follow each other; an instance not known in any other language, yet the labials, dentals and linguals, are intermixed without order.

The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to O’Flaherty, from the Book of Lecane.

Of these letters, the five last are diphthongs. Q, Ng, Z, are reckoned superfluous consonants, and are thrown out of the modern alphabet, so that the remaining letters are only 17, which compose the abgitur or alphabet now in use, and are placed in order as the Latin abcdarium.

The ancient grammarians called the alphabet Faoidh, or Faodh, i.e. a a voice, a sound or language; because such letters are expressive of the voice and language. The moderns, to support their hypothesis, have corrupted this word to Feadh, a wood; and from hence have denominated the letters after certain trees, three of which they are at a loss to expound. According to Neuman, the Hebrew letters do each separately signify the idea either of motion, space, or matter; hence each Hebrew word is at once a name, and a definition of the subject, and all objects in the natural and moral world must be known as soon as their names are known, and their separate letters considered. The proper names of men being borrowed from such ideas as Adam, i.e. red earth, it is more rational to suppose our learned ancestors named their letters according to Forchern, from men, rather than from trees.—A Grammar of the Iberno-Celtic, or Irish Language. By Major Charles Vallancey. 4to. Dublin, 1773.

The Modern Alphabet.

In addition to the above eighteen letters, the ancients used the following in their alphabet:—

Table of Mutable Consonants and of Eclipses.

[Irish-English Guide to the Irish Language. By Thaddæus Connellan, 12mo. Lond. 1824.]

The vowels are five in number, a, o, u, e, i, whereof the three first, a, o, u, are broad, and the two last, e, i, are narrow.

In words of two or more syllables, regard must be had to the correspondence of the vowels, for when the last vowel of the former syllable is a broad vowel, the first vowel of the following syllable must be broad also; and when in some latter syllable the vowel is small, the last of the immediately preceding must be small also. Example, du-ne, a man, is false orthography, because the last syllable ending in a small vowel, the first must end in a small one also, as dui-ne.

No vowel is ever to be doubled as ee, oo, &c. in the same syllable.

The diphthongs, or union of two vowels, are thirteen.

The triphthongs are five,

Vallancey, by omitting the letter R, reduces the modern alphabet to seventeen letters; Connellan, by admitting this letter, increases it to eighteen.

Hibernian or Irish Types in the British Founderies.

Pica.—Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut by Fry from drawings made by, and under the superintendence of Mr. Thaddæus Connellan.

Small Pica.—Thorowgood and Besley; this was also cut by Fry from drawings by Mr. Connellan, and under the same circumstances as the Pica. V. and J. Figgins; this was copied from the engravings in Vallancey’s Irish Grammar. I have given the modern alphabet in this character.

Long Primer.—Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut for Bagster’s edition of the New Testament in Irish, printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society.

The Forchern Alphabet

William Savage, A Dictionary of the Art of Printing, 1841

The Lecane Alphabet

The Feadh Alphabet

Additional characters

Consonants, Eclipses and Contractions


ITS OWN PAPER

When one, two, three, or more copies of a sheet of a work, or a job, are printed on the paper that the whole is intended to be worked on, it is said to be Pulled on its own Paper. This is frequently done at the commencement of a work, when a proof of the first sheet is sent to the author, or bookseller, or both; that they may see the effect produced before it is proceeded with.

Jeff. See Throw.


Jansen style

Without line or ornament either in blank or gold. It permits decoration on the inside cover, but demands absolute plainness on the outside, with the exception of lettering. It is only appropriate for crushed levant, it being dependent for its beauty on the polished surface of the leather.


javelle water

To one pound of chloride of lime add four and a half pints of water, and put in a jar with tight cover. Dissolve 20 oz. of ordinary washing soda in four and a half pints of boiling water, in a separate vessel, and immediately pour into the first mixture. When cold add enough water to make eleven pints in all. Strain through muslin, settle, and pour off the clear solution. This will remove many stains; but care must be taken to rinse thoroughly the paper with water after using it, as it tends to rot paper.


Jeff

To throw for the first choice with em quadrates instead of dice.

The American Printer: A Manual of Typography


JOB

Any thing which printed does not exceed a sheet, is termed a Job, and is paid for extra to the compositor, because there is no return of furniture or of letter: he has generally to put up fresh cases, and has some additional trouble in getting the right letter, and in making up the furniture. See Scale of Prices.


JOB HOUSE

A printing office, the general run of business in which is the printing of Jobs; namely, cards, shop bills, bills for articles stolen, or lost, play bills, lottery bills, large posting bills, and all other things of a similar description. These houses seldom execute book work to any extent, as their materials, particularly with respect to types, are not calculated for it; and few houses undertake both kinds of work to any great degree. The principal job houses in London have a variety of types, both as to size and shape, such as few or no book houses ever think of laying in; consequently they are enabled to execute such work in a style superior to that in which a book house could, with regard to producing effect, and, in general, more expeditiously. Jobbing is an extensive business in London. See Book House.

Johnson, Richard. See Donations.


JOIN

When two or more compositors are employed on the same piece of work, and one of them composes all his copy, so that there is no intervening matter between his copy and that in the hands of another of the companions who has followed him, he says, he has joined, or, he has set up close. Also, if a compositor be on a piece of work without a companion, and from any cause he be obliged to suspend composing one part of his copy, and to proceed with a succeeding part; then, when he has been enabled to compose this intervening part, and has got it completed, he says, he has joined, or, he has joined his matter.


joint

The projections formed in backing to admit the boards; applied also to the inside when the volume is covered.


joint

The projection formed in backing to admit the mill-boards. The leather or cloth placed from the projection on to the mill-board is called a joint.


joint

(1) the groove formed in backing to receive the ends of the mill-boards. (2) The part of the binding that bends when the boards are opened. (3) Strips of leather or cloth used to strengthen the end papers.


joint

The projections formed in backing to admit the boards. Also the leather or cloth, with its lining, where it passes from the book proper to the boards when the volume is covered; that is, the part of the binding that bends when the boards are opened. See also French joint.


JOINTS

Tympan joints, and frisket joints.—M.

Justifiers. See Quotation Quadrats.


Justification

The observance that the pages of a volume agree and are parallel throughout, so as to insure a straight and equal margin.


Justification

The process of making the pages of a book lie opposite one another to insure a straight and equal margin throughout.


Justifie a Stick

viz. a *Composing-stick*. See § 22. ¶ 4.


JUSTIFY A STICK;

viz. a composing stick. Screwing the slides of his composing stick to the measure wanted—M.


JUSTIFY THE PULL

Putting additional cards into the mortises of the cheeks of a press, or taking some out, as the case may require, in order to regulate the pull: for a small light form, the pressure requires to be comparatively slight; but for a large, solid form of small letters, it requires a heavy soaking pull to do justice to the work; in this case, additional cards are put into the mortises of the head. This refers only to the wooden press; for justifying the pull of iron presses, <i>see</i> under the respective articles.


JUSTIFYING

Spacing a line out so that it fits with a proper degree of tightness in the measure of the composing stick;—placing a wood cut in a page, and filling up the vacancies with leads, scaleboards, quadrats, quotations, or furniture, so that when the form is locked up, the wood cut shall be fast, and the lines above and below it even;—fixing any other matter in a similar way in a page.—With pressmen, putting cards into the head of a wooden press, and screwing it up until the pull be proper, is termed Justifying the Head, or  Justifying the Pull. See Hard Pull.

Justifying the Head. This amounts to the same thing as justifying the pull, which see.

Justifying Links. See Composing.


JUSTIFYING

Spacing out lines accurately.


Keep in

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the *Compositer*, when there may be doubt of *Driving out* his *Matter* beyond his *Counting off*, wherefore he *Sets close*, to *Keep in*.


Keep in

To crowd in by thin spacing.


KEEP IN,

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when there may be doubt of driving out his matter beyond his counting off: wherefore he sets close, to Keep in.—M.


Keep out

is a caution either given to or resolved on, by the *Compositer*, when there may be doubt of *Getting in* his *Matter* too fast for his *Counting off*: Wherefore he *Sets Wide*, to *Drive* or *Keep out*.


Keep out

To drive out or expand matter by wide spacing.


KEEP OUT,

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when there may be doubt of getting in his matter too fast for his counting off: wherefore he sets wide, to drive or keep out.—M. This term is not now used; we say Drive out, which see.


Keratol

the B B B grade, or Buffingette manufactured by the Keratol Company, cor. Clifford and Van Buren Sts., Newark, N. J., at 35 cents per yard. A waterproof cloth made in imitation of leather. It is excellent for the sides of books which receive much wear, as it does not show either finger or water marks, and outlasts the ordinary book cloth. It cannot be recommended for full binding as it is difficult to letter and wears away quickly at the joints. At first it has a disagreeable odor, but this wears off. An objectionable feature is that labels cannot easily be pasted upon it. To overcome this difficulty, put a thin coat of shellac on the place where the label is to go. The objectionable point mentioned is overbalanced by the material’s good qualities.


KERN

Kerned letters are such as have part of their face hanging over one side or both sides of their shanks.—M.


Kerned letter

Type of which a part of the face hangs over the body.


Kettle-Stitch

The stitch which the sewer makes at the head and tail of a book; said to be a corruption of chain-stitch.


Kettle-Stitch

A catch-stitch formed in sewing at the head and foot.

Bib-li-op-e-gis-tic: Pertaining to the Art of Binding Books


Kettle-Stitch

The chain-stitch which the sewer makes at the head and tail of a book. A corruption of either chain-stitch, or catch-up stitch.


Kettlestitch

As the sewer draws the thread out through the hole near the end of a signature she passes it between the two preceding signatures and around the thread which connects them, before she passes it into the hole in the signature she next lays on. This is called the kettle-stitch, a word said to be a corruption of either catch-up stitch or chain stitch.


KEY

A flat square hook, with a handle to put the fingers through in a transverse direction to the hook. Its use is to lift the forms out of the lye trough, after having brushed off the ink from the types, the furniture, and the chase.


key

The little instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing-press.


key

Little metal instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing press.


key

Little metal instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing bench.


Kip calf

Made from the skin of a heifer; much stronger than ordinary calf.


Knife backt Sculptor

is a Sculptor with a thin edge on its back.


KNOCK UP

In the warehouse, is to place the sheets of each signature of a work uniformly even at the edges upon each other, after they are taken down from the poles, and previously to their being piled away.

The person who has this to do, takes a quantity of about two quires, (if it be a stout hard paper he may take a little more,) and holding it loosely at the edges with both hands, he bends the ends a little towards him, so that the paper shall form a curve; he then lifts it up a little from the table, and lets it drop upon its edge through his hands,—the curve giving the edge a little firmness, many of the sheets drop down into their places; he repeats this two or three times, and will then, in letting it drop upon the table, bring the lower part nearer to him, so that the outside of the curve may strike first, and throw the sheets gradually up higher at the back; this he will also do two or three times; he then lets the further side rest upon the table, and shuffles the upper sheets gradually away from him, lifting the whole up, and letting the edges drop upon the table, three or four times; repeating these operations soon brings all the edges even, both at the ends and sides; he then lays this taking on one side, and repeats the operation with other takings, laying them on each other, till he has completed the whole.

A soft flimsy paper takes more time in knocking up than a hard paper, as the sheets have not strength enough separately to be driven into their places by striking on the edges.


KNOCK UP A LETTER

It sometimes happens with old letter, that a letter may be worn so low that it will not print well in a page; the workman then takes that letter out of the form, and holds the shank of it upon the side of the chase, and with the head of the shooting stick beats lightly upon the foot of the shank, till he have battered metal enough out of the shank, to raise it higher against paper; if it prove too high against paper, he rubs the bottom of the shank upon the side of the chase, to rub it down. This operation seldom happens, unless another of the same sort of letter is wanting, and hard to come by: for else the compositor will bow the letter, and pop it into a waste box in his case, where he puts all naughty letters, that he may not be troubled with them another time.—M. See Bow the Letter.


KNOCK UP BALLS

To knock up balls is the term used for making balls: it is to cut the pelts to a proper size; to fill them with a proper quantity of wool; to nail them to the ball stocks; to trim them; and to put them into a working condition. See Balls.


knocking-down iron

So called from having the slips, when laced in, pounded down upon it, so that they will not show when the book is covered.


knocking-down iron

A piece of iron having a small leg in the centre by which it is secured in the lying press. When fastened there it is used to pound or beat with a hammer the slips into the boards after they are laced in, so that they do not show when the book is covered.


knocking-down iron

A heavy iron plate on which are placed the sides of a laced-in book when the lacings of string, tape or vellum, are pounded down with a hammer so they will not show when the book is covered.


KOOFEE,

Kufic, Cufic, Cuphic, or Oriental. Ancient Arabic; it was called Cuphic, from the town of Couphah, built on the Euphrates. See Arabic.


Laced In

When the boards are affixed to the volume by means of the bands being passed through holes made in the boards, they are said to be laced in.


Laced In

When the mill-boards are attached to the volume by means of the slips being passed through holes |177| made in the boards, they are said to be laced in or drawn in.


Laced In

When the boards are affixed to the volume by passing the bands, strings, or tapes on which it is sewn through holes made in the boards, they are said to be laced in.


lacing-in

Lacing the bands on which the book is sewn through holes in the boards to attach them.


lacing-in

lacing the slips through holes in the boards to attach them.


laid paper

Having lines water-marked in it, running through it at equal distances apart, the lines being thin places made by the pressure of projections on the dandy-roll.


LATIN

The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, with the exception of the W, which “is a letter unknown, as to form and place, in the alphabets of the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and Goths. This letter is peculiar to the northern languages and people, and particularly to the nations who are of Teutonic and Sclavonic original.”—Astle.

For the allowance of the duty on paper used in the printing of books in the Latin language within the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the universities of Scotland, and the university of Trinity College, Dublin, see Paper.


LAW AUTHORITIES,

with the abbreviations by which they are cited.

A. (a.) B. (b.).—A. front, B. back of a leaf.

A.; An.; Anon.—Anonymous.

A. B.—Anonymous, at the end of Bendloe’s Reports. 1661. (Cited as ‘New Bendloe.’)

Ab. Sh.—Abbot on Shipping.

Abr. Ca. Eq.—Abridgment of Cases in Equity.

Acc. or Ag. or Agr.—Accords or agrees.

Act.—Acton’s Reports.

Act. Reg.—Acta Regia.

Ad. Eject.—Adams on Ejectments.

Ad. & Ellis.—Adolphus and Ellis’s King’s Bench Reports.

Add. Eccl. Rep.—Addams’s Reports. Ecclesiastical Courts.

Al.—Aleyn’s Reports.

Alln. Part.—Allnatt on Partition.

Amb.—Ambler’s Reports in Chancery.

And. 1. 2.—Anderson’s Reports, 2 parts.

Andr.—Andrews’s Reports.

Ann.—Cases in K. B. temp. Hardwicke.

Annaly.—Reports temp. Hardwicke.

Anon.—Anonymous.

Anst.—Anstruther’s Reports.

Arch. C. P.—Archbold’s Civil Pleadings.

Arch. Cr. P.—Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings.

Arch. Crim. Pl. & Ev.—Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings and Evidence.

Arch. K. B.—Archbold’s K. B. Practice.

Arch. P. C.—Archbold’s Pleas of the Crown.

Ash. Ch., or Ov.—Ashdowne’s Church-warden and Overseer.

Ass., or Lib. Ass.—Liber Assisarum, or Pleas of the Crown.

Ast. Ent.—Aston’s Entries.

Atk.—Atkyns’s Reports in Chancery.

Ath. P. T.—Atkyns’s Parliamentary Tracts.

Ayl.—Ayliffe’s Parergon.

B., or C. B.—Common Bench.

B. & A.; B. & Ald.—Barnewall and Alderson’s Reports. King’s Bench.

B. & Ad.; Barn. & Adol.—Barnewall and Adolphus’s Reports. King’s Bench.

B. & C.; B. & Cr. (K. B.); Barn. & C.; Barn. & Cres.—Barnewall and Cresswell’s Reports. King’s Bench.

B. C. C.; Br. Ch. Rep.; Bro. C. C.—Brown’s Chancery Cases.

B. Eccl. L.; Burn’s Eccl. L.—Burn’s Ecclesiastical Law.

B. Just.—Burn’s Justice.

B. M.—Montagu’s Digest of the New Decisions in Bankruptcy.

B. N. C.—Brooke’s New Cases.

B. & P., or Boss. & Pull.—Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports.

B. R.—Banco Regis. King’s Bench.

B. Tr.—Bishop’s Trial.

Ba. & Be.; Ball & B.—Ball and Beatty’s Reports in Chancery in Ireland.

Bac. Abr.—Bacon’s Abridgment.

Banc. Sup.—Upper Bench.

Barl.—Barlow’s Justice.

Barn. K. B.—Barnardiston’s K. B. Reports.

Barn. C.—Barnardiston’s Chancery Reports.

Barnes.—Barnes’s Notes of Practice.

Barringt.—Barrington’s Observations on the Statutes.

Bart. El.—Barton’s Elements.

Bart. Prec.—Barton’s Precedents.

Bayl.—Bayley on Bills.

Bea. Co.—Beames’s Costs in Equity.

Bea. Pl. Eq.—Beames’s Pleas in Equity.

Benl.; Bendl.—Benloe, or Bendloe’s Reports.

Bing.—Bingham’s Reports. Common Pleas.

Bing. N. S.—Bingham’s New Reports in the Common Pleas.

Bingh. P.—P. Bingham’s Law and Practice of Judgment and Execution.

Black.—Blackerby’s Justice.

Bla. Com.—Blackstone’s Commentaries.

Black. (H.)—Henry Blackstone’s Reports.

W. Black.; Black. Rep.—Sir W. Blackstone’s Reports.

Bl.—Blount.

Bli.—Bligh’s Reports.

Bo. R. Act.—Booth’s Real Actions.

Bos. & Pul.—Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports. Common Pleas.

Bosc.—Boscawen on Convictions.

Bott.—Bott’s Poor Laws.

Bott. cont.—Bott’s Poor Laws continued to Hil. T. 1814.

Br.; Bro.—Brooke, Brown, Brownlow.

Br. Ab.—Brooke’s Abridgment.

Br. Brev. Jud. & Ent.—Brownlow’s Brevia Judicial, &c.

Br. Ch. Rep.—Brown’s Reports in Chancery.

Bra.—Brady or Bracton.

Bradby.—Bradby on Distresses.

Bridg.—Bridgman’s Reports on Conveyancing.

Bridg. (Sir O. R.)—Bridgman’s Reports, by Bannister.

Brod. & Bing.—Broderip and Bingham’s Reports. C. P.

Bro.—Brown’s Chancery Cases.

Bro., Brow. Ent.—Brown’s Entries.

Bro. A. C. L.—Browne’s Admiralty Civil Law.

Bro. P. C.—Brown’s Parliamentary Cases.

Bro. V. M.—Brown’s Vade Mecum.

Brown C. C.—Brown’s Chancery Reports.

Brownl. 1. 2.—Brownlow and Goldesborough’s Reports, 2 parts.

Brownl. Rediv. or Ent.—Brownlow’s Redivivus.

Buck.—Buck’s Reports in Bankruptcy.

Bul. N. P.—Buller’s Nisi Prius.

Bulst.—Bulstrode’s Reports. K. B.

Bunb.—Bunbury’s Reports. Exchequer.

Burr.—Burrow’s Reports.

Bur. S. C.—Burrow’s Settlement Cases.

Byth. Prec.—Bythewood’s Precedents.

C., or Cod., or Cod. Jur.—Codex (Juris Civilis) Gibson’s.

Ca.—Case or Placita.

Ca. P. or Parl.—Cases in Parliament.

C. B., or C. P.—Common Pleas.

C. C.; Ch. Ca.—Chancery Cases.

C. C. R.—Russell and Ryan’s Crown Cases reserved.

C. & P.; Car. & P. Rep.; Car. & P.—Carrington’s and Payne’s Reports at Nisi Prius.

C. P.—Common Pleas.

C. R.—Court of Review.

Ca. T. K.—Select Cases tempore King.

Ca. temp. H.; Cas. temp. Hardw.—Cases tempore Hardwicke, in King’s Bench.

Cal.—Callis, Calthorpe.

Cald. R.—Caldecott’s Reports of Settlement Cases.

Cald. S. C.—Caldecott’s Settlement Cases.

Caldw. Arbit.—Caldwell on Arbitration.

Caldw. P. L.—Caldwell’s Poor Laws.

Calth.—Calthorpe’s Reports.

Camp.—Campbell’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

Can.—Canons of the Church, made in 1603.

Car. & P. Rep.; Carr. & P.—Carrington and Payne’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

Cart.—Carter’s Reports.

Carth.—Carthew’s Reports, K. B.

Cary.—Cary’s Reports.

Cas. B. R.—Cases tempore W. III.

Cas. L. Eq.—Cases in Law and Equity.

Cas. Pra. C. P.—Cases of Practice Common Pleas.

Cas. temp. Talb.—Cases tempore Lord Chancellor Talbot.

Cawl.—Cawley.

Ch. Ca.—Chancery Cases.

Ch. Pre.—Precedents in Chancery.

Ch. R.—Reports in Chancery.

Chamb. Est.—Chambers’s Estates and Tenures.

Chamb. Lea.—Chambers on Leases.

Chamb. T. L.—Chambers’s Tenant Law.

Chitt. Com. L.—Chitty’s Commercial Law.

Chitt. Crim. L.—Chitty’s Criminal Law.

Chitty’s G. L.—Chitty on the Game Laws, &c.

Chitt. Pre.—Chitty’s Prerogative.

Chitty’s R. M.—Chitty on the Rights of Manors.

Chitt. Rep.—Chitty’s Reports.

Chris. B. L.—Christian’s Bankrupt Laws.

Christian’s G. L.—Christian on the Game Laws.

Cl. & Fin.—Clarke and Finnelly.

Clap. Sess. L.—Clapham’s Points of Sessions Law. 1818.

Clay.—Clayton’s Reports.

Cl. Ass.—Clerk’s Assistant.

Clift.—Clift’s Entries.

Co.—Coke’s Reports.

Co. B. L.—Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws. Cole on the English Bankrupt Laws.

Co. Cop.—Coke’s Copyholder.

Co. Ent.—Coke’s Entries.

Co. Lit.—Coke on Littleton (1st Institute).

Co. M. C.—Coke’s Magna Charta (2d Institute).

Co. P. C.—Coke’s Pleas of the Crown (3d Institute).

Co. on Courts.—Coke’s (4th Institute).

Code Nap.—Code Napoleon.

Coke’s Inst.—Coke, 2d, 3d, and 4th Parts of the Institutes of the Laws of England.

Com.—Comyn’s Reports.

Com. T. L.—Comyn’s Tenant Law.

Com. Con.—Comyn on Contracts.

Com. Dig.—Comyn’s Digest.

Com. Par. Off.—Complete Parish Officer.

Comb.—Comberbach’s Reports.

Cont.—Contra.

Coo. Eq. P.—Cooper’s Equity Pleading.

Coo. Mort.—Coote on Mortgages.

Coo. Rep.; Cooper.—Cooper’s Reports.

Coo. T. L.—Coote’s Tenant Law.

Cooke’s B. L.—Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws.

Con. Rep.—Consistory Reports, by Haggard.

Cot.—Cotton.

Cot. Ab. R.—Cotton’s Abridgment of Records.

Cov. Rec.—Coventry on Recoveries.

Cowp.—Cowper’s Reports.

Cox.—Cox’s Cases in Equity.

Cr. & Jer.; Cromp. & Jerv.—Crompton and Jervis’s Exchequer Reports.

Cro.—Keilwey’s Reports, by Croke.

Cro. Cir. C.—Crown Circuit Companion.

Cro. Mee. & R.; Cromp. Mees. & Rosc.—Crompton, Meeson, and Roscoe’s Exchequer Reports.

Cro. Car.—Croke’s Reports temp. Chas.

Cro. 1, 2, 3.—Croke’s Reports. (Eliz. Jam. Cha.)

Cro. Eliz.—Croke’s Reports temp. Elizabeth.

Cro. Jac.—Croke’s Reports temp. James.

Cromp. J. C.—Crompton’s Jurisdictions of Courts.

Cromp.—Crompton’s Justice of the Peace.

Cromp. & Mees.—Crompton and Meeson’s Exchequer Reports.

Cun.—Cunningham’s Reports.

Cro. sometimes refers to Keilwey’s Reports, published by Serjt. Croke.

Curt.—Curteis’s Ecclesiastical Reports.

D.—Dictum, Digest (Juris Civilis).

D. & C.—Deacon and Chitty’s Reports in Cases of Bankruptcy.

D. & R.; Dowl. & R.—Dowling and Ryland’s Reports. K. B.

D. & St.—Doctor and Student.

Dal.—Dalison’s Reports.

Dalt. Just.—Dalton’s Justice.

Dalt. Sh.—Dalton’s Sheriff.

Dan.—Daniel’s Reports.

D’Anv.—D’Anvers’s Abridgment.

Dav.—Davis’s Reports, respecting Patents, &c.

Dea. & Ch.—Deacon and Chitty.

Deg.—Degge’s Parson’s Counsellor.

Deh.—Dehany’s Turnpike Acts.

D’Ew.—D’Ewe’s Journal.

Di.; Dy.; Dyer.—Dyer’s Reports.

Dial. de Scacc.—Dialogus de Scaccario.

Dick.—Dickin’s Reports.

Dick. Just.; Dickenson.—Dickenson’s Justice.

Dig.—Digest of Writs.

Dob. Sty.—Dobie’s Styles.

Dod. Rep.—Dodson’s Admiralty Reports.

Dom. Proc.—Domini Proctor; Cases House of Lords.

Doug.—Douglas’s Reports. K. B.

Dow.—Dow’s Reports. House of Lords.

Dowl. Pr. Ca.—Dowling’s Practice Cases.

Dub.—Dubitatur.

Dugd. Orig.; Dugd., D. J., or Jud.—Dugdale’s Origines Juridicales.

Dug. S.; Dugd. Sum.—Dugdale’s Summonses.

Duke.—Duke’s Charitable Uses.

Durnf.—Durnford and East, or Term Reports. K. B.

E.—Easter Term, or Eden.

E. T.—Easter Term.

E. of Cov.—Earl of Coventry’s Case.

East.—East’s Reports. K. B.

East. P. C.—East’s Pleas of the Crown.

Eden.—Eden’s Reports of Northington’s Cases.

Edw. Ad. R.—Edwards’s Admiralty Reports.

Eq. Ca.; Eq. Ab.; Eq. Ca. Abr.—Equity Cases Abridged.

Ersk. Inst.—Erskine’s Institute of the Law of Scotland.

Esp.—Espinasse.

Esp. Ac. Stats.—Espinasse’s Action on the Statutes.

Esp. Ev.—Espinasse’s Evidence.

Esp. N. P.—Espinasse’s Digest.

Esp. P. Stats.—Espinasse’s Penal Statutes.

Esp. Rep.; Esp. N. P. Rep.—Espinasse’s Reports at Nisi Prius.

Ev. Col. Stat.—Evans’s Collection of Statutes.

Ex.; Exp.—Expired.

F., or Fitz.—Fitzherbert’s Abridgment.—Fitzherbert’s Abridgment is commonly referred to by the older law writers by the title and number of the placita only, e. g. Coron. 30.

F. N. B.; Fitz. N. B.—Fitzherbert’s Natura Brevium.

Far.—Farresly (7 Mod. Rep.).

Fell, Mer. G.—Fell on Mercantile Guarantees.

Ff.—Pandectæ (Juris Civilis).—This reference, which frequently occurs in Blackstone and other writers, applied to the Pandects or Digests of the civil law, is a corruption of the Greek letter π Vide Calvini Lexicon Jurid. voc. Digestorum.

Field. Pen. Stat.—Fielding’s Penal Laws. 1769.

Fin.; Finch’s Rep.—Finch’s Reports. Chancery.

Finch.—Finch’s Law.

Fitz.; Fitz. G.—Fitz-Gibbon’s Reports.

Fl.—Fleta.

Flat. Dig.—Flather’s Digest.

Fol.—Foley’s Poor Laws.

Fonbl. Eq.—Fonblanque on Equity.

For.—Forrest’s Reports.

For. Pla.—Brown’s Formulæ bene placitandi.

Forrester.—Cases tempore Talbot.

Forst.; Fost.—Foster’s Crown Law.

Forts.; Fort.; Fortesc.—Fortescue’s Reports.

Fra.; Fra. M.—Francis’s Maxims.

Freem.—Freeman’s Reports.

G. & J.; Gl. & J.; Gl. and Jam.; Glyn & J.; Glyn & Jam.—Glyn and Jameson’s Reports, Cases in Bankruptcy.

Gib. Cod.; Gibs. Codex.—Gibson’s Codex Juris Civilis.

Gilb.—Gilbert’s Cases in Law and Equity.

Gilb. C. P.—Gilbert’s Common Pleas.

Gilb. Dis.—Gilbert on Distresses.

Gilb. Eq., or Rep. Eq.—Gilbert’s Reports in Equity.

Gilb. Ev.—Gilbert’s Law of Evidence.

Gilb. Ex.—Gilbert’s Executions.

Gilb. Exch.—Gilbert’s Treatise on the Exchequer.

Gilb. K. B.—Gilbert’s King’s Bench.

Gilb. Rem.—Gilbert’s Remainders.

Gilb. Us.—Gilbert’s Uses.

Godb.—Godbolt’s Reports.

Godol.; Godolph.—Godolphin.

Gods. Pat.—Godson on Patents.

Golds.—Goldsborough’s Reports.

Gow.—Gow’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

Greenw.—Greenwood on Courts.

Gro. de J. B.—Grotius de Jure Belli.

Gwill.—Gwillim’s Tithe Cases.

H.—Hilary Term.

H. Bl.—H. Black.

H. H. P. C.—Hales’s Hist Plac. Cor.

H. P. C.—Hales’s Pleas of the Crown.

Hagg. Adm. R.—Haggard’s Admiralty Reports.

Hagg.; Hagg. Con. Rep.—Haggard’s Reports of Cases in the Consistory Court of London.

Hagg. Eccl. Rep.—Haggard’s Ecclesiastical Reports.

Hale P. C.—Hale’s Pleas of the Crown.

Hale’s Sum.—Hale’s Summary of Pleas of the Crown.

Hans.—Hansard’s Entries.

Hans. Parl. Deb.—Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates.

Hard.—Hardres’s Reports. Exchequer.

Hardw.—Cases tempore Hardwicke.

Haw.; Hawk. P. C.—Hawkins’s Pleas of the Crown.

Her.—Herne.

Het.—Hetley’s Reports.

H. T.; Hi.; Hil.—Hilary Term.

Highm. Lun.—Highmore on Lunacy.

Highm.—Highmore on Mortmain.

Hob.—Hobart’s Reports.

Holt.—Reports temp. Holt.

Holt Lib.—Holt on Libel.

Holt’s N. P. Rep.—Holt’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Holt’s Rep.—Holt’s Reports.

Holt Sh.—Holt on Shipping.

How. St. Tr.; Howell’s St. Tri.—Howell’s Collection of State Trials.

Hugh.; Hugh. Ent.—Hughes’s Entries.

Humph. R. P.—Humphrey on the English Law of Real Property.

Hut.—Hutton’s Reports.

Imp. C. P.—Impey’s Practice, Common Pleas.

Imp. K. B.—Impey’s Practice, King’s Bench.

Imp. Sh.—Impey’s Sheriff.

Imp. Pl.—Impey’s Pleader.

Infra, and Supra.—(Below, and Above.) References to the same division or subdivision.

Inst.—Lord Coke’s Institutes.

Inst. 2d & 3d.—Coke’s 2d, 3d, &c., Institutes.

Inst. 1, 2, 3.—Justinian’s Institutes, lib. 1. tit. 2. sec. 3.

J. & W.; Jac. & W.; Jac. & Walk.—Jacob and Walker’s Reports.

Jan. Angl.—Jani Anglorum.

Jenk.—Jenkins’s Reports. Exchequer.

1 Jon.—Sir William Jones’s Reports.

2 Jon.—Sir Thomas Jones’s Reports.

Jud.—Judgments.

K. B.—King’s Bench.

K. C. R.—Reports tempore King C.

Keb.—Keble’s Reports. K. B.

Keilw.—Keilwey’s Reports.

Kel.; Kely.—Sir John Kelynge’s Reports.

Kely. 1, 2.—William Kelynge’s Reports, 2 parts.

Ken.—Kennet.

Keny.—Kenyon’s Reports.

Kit.—Kitchin on Courts.

L. C.—Lord Chancellor.

La.—Lane’s Reports.

Lamb.—Lambard’s Eirenarcha.

Lat.—Latch’s Reports.

Ld. H.—Lord Hardwicke.

Ld. Raym.—Lord Raymond.

Le.—Ley’s Reports.

Leach; Lea. C. L.—Leach’s Crown Cases.

Leon.—Leonard’s Reports.

Lev.—Levinz’s Reports. C. P.

Lev. Ent.—Levinz’s Entries.

Lewin, C. C.—Lewin’s Crown Cases on Northern Circuit.

Lex Man.—Lex Maneriorum.

Lex Mercat. Red.—Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, by Beawes.

Ley.—Ley’s Reports.

Lib. Ass.—Liber Assisarum, or Pleas of the Crown.

Lib. Feud.—Liber Feudorum.

Lib. Int.—Liber Intrationum. Old Book of Entries.

Lib. Pl.—Liber Placitandi.

Lib. Reg.—Register Book.

Lib. Rub.—Red Book.

Lil.; Lill.—Lilly’s Report of Assize.

Lil. Abr.—Lilly’s Practical Register. Abridgment.

Lill. Ent.—Lilly’s Entries.

Lind.—Lindwood’s Provinciale.

Lit.; Litt. R.—Littleton’s Reports.

Lit. with S.—Littleton, S. for section.

Lofft.—Lofft’s Reports.

Long Quinto.—Year Book, pt. 10.

Lub. Pl.—Lubé on Pleading.

Lut. Ent.—Lutwyche’s Entries.

Lutw.—Lutwyche’s Reports.

M. T.; Mich.—Michaelmas Term.

M. & A.; Mont. & Ayr.—Montagu and Ayrton. Cases in Bankruptcy.

M. & B.—Montagu and Bligh.

M. & K.—Mylne and Keene.

M. & P.; Moo. & Pay.—Moore and Payne’s Reports. C. P.

M. & R.—Manning and Ryland’s King’s Bench Reports.

MS.—Manuscript.

M. & S.—Maule and Selwyn’s Reports. K. B.

MS. C. C. R.—Manuscript Crown Cases reserved.

M. & Scott; Moore & S.—Moore and Scott. Reports of Cases argued in Common Pleas and Exchequer.

MS. (D.)—Manuscript of Mr. Durnford.

Mad.; Madd. Rep.—Maddock’s Reports in Vice Chancellor’s Court.

Mad. Chanc.—Maddock’s Chancery Practice.

Mad. Exch.—Madox’s History of the Exchequer.

Mad. Form.—Madox’s Formulare Anglicanum.

Mal.—Malyne’s Lex Mercatoria.

Man. & Gran.—Manning and Granger’s Exchequer Reports.

Manw.—Manwood’s Forest Laws.

Mar.—March’s Reports.

Mar. Ins.—Marshall’s Insurance.

Marsh.—Marshall’s Reports. Common Pleas.

Mee. & Ros.—Meeson and Roscoe.

Mer. R.; Mer. Ch. Rep.—Merivale’s Reports in Chancery.

Mir.—Horne’s Mirror of Justices.

Mireh.—Mirehouse on Tithes.

Mireh. Adv.—Mirehouse on Advowsons.

Mitf.—Mitford’s Pleading.

Mo.—Moore’s Reports.

Mo.; Moore (J. B.) Rept.—Moore’s Reports. C. P.

Mod.; Modern.—Modern Reports, in Law and Equity.

Mod. C.—Modern Cases.

Mod. C. L. & Eq.—Modern Cases in Law and Equity (8 and 9 Mod. Rep.)

Mod. Int.—Modus Intrandi.

Mod.; Mod. Rep.; Modern.—Modern Reports.

Moll.; Moll. de Jur. Mar.—Molloy de Jure Maritimo.

Mont. B. L.; Bt. Laws.—Montagu’s Bankrupt Laws.

Mont. & Bli.—Montague and Bligh.

Mon. Eq. Pl.—Montagu’s Equity Pleading.

Mon. Part.—Montagu on Partnership.

Mont.—Montagu’s New Decisions in Bankruptcy.

Mont. & Gregg. Dig.—Montagu and Gregg’s Digest of Bankrupt Laws.

M. & M., Mont. & Maca.—Montagu and Mac Arthur.

M., or Mood. C. C. R.—Moody’s Crown Cases reserved.

Moo. & Malk.; Moody & M.—Moody and Malkins’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Mood. & Rob.—Moody and Robinson’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Mos.—Moseley’s Reports.

M. P. Ex.—Modern Practice Exchequer.

MS. Sum.—Lord Hale’s Summary of Pleas of the Crown, with Manuscript Notes and Additions.

My. & Cr.—Mylne and Craig’s Chancery Reports.

Myl. & Kee.—Mylne and Keene.

N. Benl.—New Bendloe.

N. L.—Nelson’s Lutwyche.

N. & M.; N. & Man.; Nev. & Man.—Neville and Manning’s King’s Bench Reports.

N. Nov.—Novellæ (Juris Civilis).

N. R.; New Rep.—Bosanquet and Puller’s New Reports.

Nar. Con.—Nares on Convictions.

Nel. C. R.—Nelson’s Reports in Chancery.

Nels.—Nelson’s Justice.

No. N.—Novæ Narrationes.

Nol.; Nol. P. L.—Nolan’s Poor Laws.

Nol. Rep.—Nolan’s Reports.

Nol. Sett.—Nolan’s Settlement Cases.

North.—Northington’s Reports.

Noy.—Noy’s Reports.

O. Benl.—Old Bendloe.

Off. Br.—Officina Brevium.

Off. Ex.—Office of Executors.

Oldn. P.—Oldnall’s Welsh Practice.

Ord. Ch.—Orders in Chancery.

Ord. Cla.—Orders, Lord Clarendon’s.

Ow.—Owen’s Reports.

P.; Pas. (Pascha.)—Easter Term.

P. C.—Pleas of the Crown.

P. p.; Pla. Par.—Placita Parliamentaria.

Paley P. A.—Paley’s Law of Principal and Agent.

Pal. Con.—Paley on Conviction.

Pal.—Palmer’s Reports. King’s Bench.

Park.—Parker’s Reports. Exchequer.

Park. Ins.—Park on Insurance.

Par. L.—Shaw’s Parish Law.

Pat. Mort.—Patch on Mortgages.

Pea.; Peake’s Rep.—Peake’s Reports.

Peak. Ca.—Peake’s Cases at Nisi Prius.

Peak. Ev.—Peake’s Evidence.

Peckw.—Peckwell’s Election Cases.

Perk.—Perkins’s Conveyances.

Petersd. Ba.—Petersdorff on Bail.

Phill. Ev.—Phillips’ Law of Evidence.

Phillim.; Phil. Rep.—Phillimore’s Reports.

Pig.—Pigot’s Recoveries.

Pl.; Pla.—Placita.

Pl. Com.—Plowden’s Commentaries or Reports.

Plow.; Plowd.—Plowden’s Treatise on Tithes.

Pol.; Pollexf.—Pollexfen’s Reports.

Poph.—Popham’s Reports.

2 Poph.—Cases at the end of Popham’s Reports.

Post, & Ante. (After, and Before.)—References to divisions of same title.

Pow. Mort.—Powell on Mortgages.

Pow. Mort. by Cov.—Powell on Mortgages, by Coventry.

Poynt. Mar.—Poynter on Marriages.

PR.—Private.

P. R. C. P.—Pract. Register in Common Pleas.

Pract. Chan.—Practice in Chancery. 1672.

Pract. Reg.—Practical Register of Common Pleas.

Pr. Reg. Ch.—Practical Register in Chancery.

Pre. Ch.—Precedents in Chancery.

Pre. Es.—Preston on Estates.

Prest. Abs.—Preston on Abstracts.

Prest. Con.—Preston on Conveyancing.

Pr.; Pri.—Price’s Reports. Exchequer.

Priv. Lond.—Privilegia Londini.

Pr. St.—Private Statute.

Pult.—Pulton de Pace Regis et Regni. 1609.

P. W.; P. Wms.—Peere Williams’s Reports.

Quinti Quinto.—Year Book, 5 Hen. V.

Q. War.—Quo Warranto.

R.—Resolved, Repealed.

R. S. L.—Readings upon the Statutes. 1723

Rast.—Rastall’s Entries and Statutes.

Raym.—Raymond.

T. Raym.—Sir Thomas Raymond’s Reports.

Ld. Raym.—Lord Raymond’s Reports.

Raym. Ent.—Lord Raymond’s Entries.

Ree. E. L.—Reeve’s English Law.

Reg. Brev.—Register of Writs.

Reg. Jud.—Registrum Judiciale.

Reg. Pl.—Regula Placitandi.

Rep. (1, 2, &c.)—1, 2, &c. Coke’s Reports.

Rep. Eq.—Gilbert’s Reports in Equity.

Rep. Jur.—Repertorium Juridicum.

Rep. Q. A.—Reports tempore Q. Anne.

Rep. temp. Finch.—Finch’s Reports.

Ridg.—Ridgway’s Reports.

Rigge on Registr.—Rigge on Registering Deeds.

Ritson.—Ritson’s Office of Constable.

Ro. Abr.—Rolle’s Abridgment.

Ro. Rep.—Rolle’s Reports.

Rob.—Robinson’s Entries.

Rob. Adm.—Robinson’s Admiralty Reports.

Rob. App.—Robertson’s Appeal Cases.

Roll.—Roll of the Term.

Roll. & Roll. Abr.—Rolle, Rep. and Abridgment.

Rop. B. F.—Roper on Husband and Wife.

Rot. B. Rep.—Rose’s Bankruptcy Reports.

Rosc. Ev.—Roscoe on Evidence.

Rosc. Crim. Ev.—Roscoe on Criminal Evidence.

Run. Ejec.—Runnington’s Ejectment.

Russ.—Russell.

Russ. Cr.—Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanours.

Russ. & M.—Russell and Mylne’s Chancery Reports.

Russ. & Ry. C. C. R.—Russell and Ryan’s Crown Cases reserved.

Rushw.—Rushworth’s Collections.

Ry. F.—Rymer’s Fœdera.

Ry. & Mo.—Ryan and Moody’s Reports.

S.; Sect.;§.—Section.

S. B.—Upper Bench.

S. C.—Same Case.

S. & D.—Shaw and Dunlop’s Cases in Court of Session.

S. & L.; Sch. & Lef.—Schoales and Lefroy’s Reports. Chancery, in Ireland.

S. & St.; Sim. & St.—Simon’s and Stuart’s Reports. V. C. Court.

Salk.—Salkeld’s Reports.

Sand. U. T.—Sanders on Uses and Trusts.

Saund.—Saunders’s Reports.

Sav.—Savile’s Reports.

Say.—Sayer’s Reports.

Sel. Ca. Ch.—Select Cases in Chancery.

Seld.—Selden.

Seld. Tit. of Hon.—Selden’s Titles of Honour.

Sel. Pr.—Sellon’s Practice.

Selw. N. P.—Selwyn’s Law of Nisi Prius.

Sem.—Semble, seems.

Sess. Ca.—Sessions Cases.

Sess. Pap.—The Old Baily Sessions Papers.

Sett. & Rem.—Cases in K. B. concerning Settlements and Removals.

Shaw.—Shaw’s Justice.

Shaw P. L.—Shaw’s Parish Law.

Shep. Touchst.—Sheppard’s Touchstone.

Show.—Shower’s Reports.

Show. P. C.—Shower’s Cases in Parliament.

Sid.—Siderfin’s Reports.

Sim.—Simons’s Reports of Cases in Chancery.

Sim. & Stu.—Simons’s and Stuart’s Reports in the Vice Chancellor’s Court.

Simeon.—Simeon on Elections.

Skin.—Skinner’s Reports.

Smith.—Smith’s Reports.

Som.—Somers, Somner.

Spel.—Spelman.

S. C. C.—Select Chancery Cases.

S. P.—Same Point.

St. Ca.—Stillingfleet’s Cases.

St. T.—State Trials.

Sta.—Starkie.

Stark. C. L.—Starkie’s Criminal Law.

Stark. C. P.—Starkie’s Criminal Pleading.

Stark. Ev.—Starkie on Evidence.

Stark. N. P.—Starkie’s Nisi Prius Reports.

Staunf. P. C. & Pr.—Staunford’s Pleas of the Crown and Prerogative.

Stat. W., or W.—Statutes Westminster.

Steph. Plead.—Stephen on Pleading.

Str.; Stra.—Strange’s Reports in Law and Equity.

Sty.—Style’s Reports.

Sug. Pow.—Sugden on Powers.

Sug. Ven.; Sugden’s Vend. & Purch.—Sugden’s Law of Vendors and Purchasers.

Sw.; Swanst.—Swanston’s Reports in Chancery.

Swin.—Swinburne on Wills.

T. R.—Term. Rep., Teste Rege.

T. R. E., or T. E. R.—Tempore Regis Edwardi.

Talb.—Cases tempore Lord Talbot.

Taun.—Taunton’s Reports. C. P.

Terms of the L.—Terms of the Law.

Th. Dig.—Theloall’s Digest.

Th. Br.—Thesaurus Brevium.

Tidd. App.—Tidd’s Appendix.

Tidd. Co.—Tidd’s Costs.

Tidd’s Pr.—Tidd’s Practice.

Tol. Ex.—Toller’s Executors.

Tom. Dict.—Tomlin’s Law Dictionary.

Too. M. M.—Toone’s Magistrates’ Manual.

Too. Ov. G.—Toone’s Overseers’ Guide.

Toth.—Tothill’s Reports.

Town’s Jud.—Townsend’s Judgments.

Tr. Eq.—Treatise of Equity.

Trem.—Tremaine’s Pleas of the Crown.

Tri. per Pais.—Trials per Pais.

Trin.—Trinity Term.

Trye.—Trye’s Jus. Filazarii.

Turn.—Turner’s (Ch.) Reports.

Tyr. & Tynd. Dig.—Tyrwhitt and Tyndale’s Digest of Statutes.

Tyrr. Sugg.—Tyrrell’s Suggestions.

Tyrw.—Tyrwhitt’s Exchequer Reports.

Tyrw. & Gran.—Tyrwhitt and Granger’s Exchequer Reports.

V. & B.; Ves. & B.; Ves. & Beam.—Vesey and Beame’s Reports in Chancery.

V. C.—Vice Chancellor.

Vaugh.—Vaughan’s Reports.

Vent.—Ventris’s Reports.

Vern.—Vernon’s Reports in Chancery.

Ves. sen.—Vesey’s (sen.) Reports in Chancery.

Ves.; Ves. jun.—Vesey’s (jun.) Reports in Chancery.

Vet. Ent.—Old B. Entries.

Vet. N. B.—Old Nat. Brevium.

Vez.—Vezey’s Reports.

Vid.—Vidian’s Entries.

Vin.—Viner.

Vin. Abr.—Viner’s Abridgment.

Vin. Inst.—Viner’s Institutes.

W. 1. W. 2.—Statutes Westminster, 1, 2.

W. & S.—Wilson and Shaw.

Wat. Cop.—Watkins’s Copyholds.

Wats.—Watson on Awards; or, Watson’s Sheriff.

Wats. Cl.—Watson’s Clergyman’s Law.

Wats. P.—Watson’s Partnership.

Went. E.; Went. Off.; Went. Off. Ex.—Wentworth’s Office, and Duty of Executors.

Wight.—Wightwick’s Reports.

Wil.; Wils.—Wilson’s Reports in Chancery.

Will. R.—Willes’s Reports.

Wils. & Sh.—Wilson and Shaw’s Reports of Cases in House of Lords.

Win.—Winch’s Reports. Common Pleas. 1757.

Wi. Ent.—Winch’s Entries.

Wms. Just.—Williams’s Justice.

Wms. Prec.—Williams’s Precedents.

Wms.—Williams’s Rep., or Peere Williams.

Wood’s Inst.—Wood’s Institutes.

Woodf.—Woodfall’s Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Wr. Ten.—Wright’s Tenures.

Wy. Pr. R.—Wyatt’s Practical Register.

Y. B.; Yr. B.—Year Books. The Year Books are quoted by the Year of each King’s Reign, the folio, page and number of the Plea in the page, except par. 5, Liber Assisarum, for which see “Ass.” or “Lib. Ass.” ante.

Y. C. P.—Precedents of Proceedings on the Yeomanry Cavalry Act, published July 1822.

Yelv.—Yelverton’s Reports.

Younge & J.—Younge and Jervis’s Exchequer Reports.

“The modes of quoting the Civil and Canon Laws.—The Institutions are contained in four Books: each Book is divided into Titles; and each Title into paragraphs; of which the first, described by the Letters pr. or princip. is not numbered. The Digests or Pandects are in fifty Books: each Book is distributed into Titles; each Title into Laws; and, very frequently, Laws into Paragraphs, of which the first is not numbered. The Code is comprised in twelve Books: each of which is divided, like the Digests, into Titles and Laws; and, sometimes, Laws into Paragraphs. The Novels are distinguished by their Number, Chapter, and Paragraph.

“The old way of quoting was much more troublesome, by only mentioning the Number, or initial Words, of the Paragraph or Law, without expressing the number either of Book or Title. Thus, § si adversus, 12 Inst, de Nuptiis, means the 12th Paragraph of the Title in the Institutions de Nuptiis, which Paragraph begins with the Words si adversus; and which a modern Civilian would cite thus, I. 1. 10. 12. So l. 30 D. de R. J. signifies the 30th Law of the Title in the Digests de Regulis Juris: according to the modern way thus, D. 50. 17. 30. Again, l. 5. § 3. ff. de Jurejur. means the 3d Paragraph of the 5th Law of the Title in the Digests de Jurejurando: better thus, D. 12. 2. 5. 3. And here note, that the Digests are sometimes referred to, as in the last instance, by a double f; and at other times by the Greek Π or π.

“The method of quoting the Roman Canon Law is as follows. The Decree, as said above, consists of three Parts; of which the first contains 101 Distinctions, each Distinction being subdivided into Canons: thus, 1 dist. c. 3. Lex (or 1 d. Lex) is the first Distinction, and 3d Canon, beginning with the word Lex. The second part of the Decree contains 36 Causes; each Cause comprehending several Questions, and each Question several Canons: thus 3. qu. 9. c. 2. Caveant is Cause the 3d, Question the 9th, and Canon the 2d, beginning with Caveant. The third part of the Decree contains 5 Distinctions, and is quoted as the first part, with the addition of the words de Consecratione; thus, de Consecr. dist. 2. can. Quia corpus (or, can. Quia corpus 35. dist. 2. d. Consecr.) means the 2d Distinction, and the 35th Canon of the Treatise de Consecratione, which Canon begins with Quia corpus.

“The Decretals are in three Parts; of which the first contains Gregory’s Decretals in 5 Books; each Book being divided into Titles, and each Title into Chapters: and these are cited by the name of the title, and the number of the chapter, with the addition of the word Extra, or the capital letter X: thus, c. 3. Extra de Usuris; is the 3d Chapter of the Title in Gregory’s Decretals, which is inscribed de Usuris; which Title, by looking into the Index, is found to be the 19th of the 5th Book. Thus also, c. cum contingat. 36 X. de Offic. & Pot. Jud. Del. is the 36th Chapter, beginning with Cum contingat of the Title, in Gregory’s Decretals, which is inscribed de Officio et Potestate Judicis Delegati; and which, by consulting the Index, we find is the 29th Title of the 1st Book. The Sixth Decretal, and the Clementine Constitutions, each consisting of 5 Books, are quoted in the same manner as Gregory’s Decretals; only, instead of Extra or X, there is subjoined in sexto or in 6, and in Clementinis or in Clem. according as either part is referred to: thus, c. Si gratiose 5 de Rescrip. in 6, is the 5th Chapter, beginning with Si gratiose, of the Title de Rescriptis, in the 6th Decretal; the Title so inscribed being the 3d of the 1st Book: and Clem. 1. de Sent. et Re Judic. (or, de Sent. et R. J. ut calumniis, in Clem.) (or, c. ut calumniis 1. de Sent. et R. J. in Clem.) is the first Chapter of the Clementine Constitutions, under the Title de Sententiâ et Re Judicatâ; which Chapter begins with Ut calumniis, and belongs to the xith Title of the 2d Book.

“The Extravagants of John the 22d are contained in one Book, divided into 14 Titles: thus, Extravag. Ad Conditorem, Joh. 22. de V. S. means the Chapter, beginning with Ad Conditorem, of the Extravagants of John 22d; Title, de Verborum Significationibus. Lastly, the Extravagants of later Popes are called Communes, being distributed into 5 Books, and these again into Titles and Chapters: thus Extravag. Commun. c. Salvator. de Præbend. is the Chapter beginning with Salvator, among the Extravagantes Communes; Title, de Præbendis.”—Bibliotheca Legum. See Dr. Hallifax’s Analysis of the Roman Civil Law, and Butler’s Horæ Juridicæ Subsecivæ.


law calf

Law books are usually bound in calf left wholly uncoloured, hence the term for white calf.


law sheep

Law books are usually bound in sheep left wholly uncolored, hence the term. Many law books are now bound in buckram, canvas or duck.


LAY DOWN

To arrange the pages of a sheet, or of a half sheet upon the imposing stone in their proper order, and to take the page papers from under them. See Imposing.

In the warehouse this term is used to denote the placing of the printed sheets of a work upon the gathering table in their proper order, for the purpose of gathering them together into complete books.

When a long number has been printed, the warehouseman generally lays down a bundle only of each signature, that the heaps may not be too high for the boys to reach the top sheet in gathering.

The first sheet in the gathering is laid down at the extreme end of the table at the left hand, and the succeeding sheets follow to the right in regular order, with the signature to the front of the table. The person who lays them down should run the signature page over in each heap to see that they all lie the same way, and have not been turned in knocking up, or piling away, which, when it happens, and passes undiscovered, causes a great deal of trouble in collating. See Gathering.


LAY IN SHEETS

When the pressman lays sheets on the tympan, it is stiled <i>Laying in Sheets</i>.—M. The term is now obsolete.


LAY LETTER

The Laying of Letter, or, To lay Letter, is the putting of new types into cases, in their proper situations.

When a new fount of types has to be laid, the first consideration is, are there new cases for it, or are there any spare cases in the house, or are there any that can be appropriated to it; and, how many pairs are to be occupied with it? If it be for a work to be done by a companionship, each compositor takes his proportionate share, and lays the letter for his own use: or, it may be an addition to a fount already in work; in which case also each takes his share, as it is looked on as more advantageous to lay letter than to distribute, particularly if it be of a small size. After having put the letter into the cases, and set it up as close as possible, there will be found many superabundant sorts; these are put into a pair of fount cases, and the compositors generally make their cases even, that is, take out their superfluous sorts. If the fount cases will not contain all the sorts, the remainder are put into coffins, and placed in a basket or a letter box; if there should not be any fount cases, then all the spare sorts are put into coffins. The overseer should then be informed of the state of the fount, so that the house may cast up to the surplus sorts, if thought necessary.

I would not advise the laying of many pairs of cases with a moderate sized fount, as an additional pair or two can be easily made at any time.

Where the letter founder has tied up in one piece more than one sort, I would recommend the compositor to put the piece upon a galley, or he will mix the sorts, and give himself and the house unnecessary trouble in his proof; using a composing rule will save him trouble.


LAY ON

A phrase used for the number of books to be printed. Thus they say, There is 1000, 2000, 3000, &c. Laid on.—M. We also use the phrase, but without any regard to number; as, such a press is going to lay a form on—such a press has laid a form on—What form shall we lay on?

It is usual, when a work is printed in sheets, to take the inner form first; the only motive, to my knowledge, for this custom is, that, where there are many presses at work, it prevents the pressmen taking advantage of each other, by those who are first off choosing the form that has the least difficulty in working. An old reason assigned for this practice is, that it is advantageous to the bookbinders in beating the book, preparatory to binding it; as the indentions of the types face each other, and are more easily made smooth; but the indentions would face each other equally if the usual order of working the forms were reversed. When there are wood cuts in one form, and none in the other, then the form without cuts should be worked first; as working the cuts last prevents the indention of the types appearing on the engraving, which would otherwise necessarily take place to its prejudice.

The term is also used in printing at machines, where a boy lays a sheet on a board, or on a travelling web, in order to its being conveyed round the cylinders to be printed.


LAY OUT SHEETS

When the pressman takes sheets off the tympan, and lays them on the heap, it is stiled <i>Laying out Sheets</i>.—M. Obsolete.


LAY-UP

Before the letter of a worked-off form is distributed, or before it is cleared away, if the work be finished it is unlocked upon a board laid in the trough, and well rinsed with water, while the compositor keeps working the pages backward and forward with his hands, and continues pouring water on them till the lye and ink are washed away, and the water runs off clear: this is termed laying-up.

The board should always be washed clean on its upper side before the form is laid upon it.


Laying cases

Filling cases with a fount of new type.


Laying pages

Placing pages of type on the stone in a proper order for imposition.


LEADERS

Between the ends of the lines and the figures of reference, in indexes, contents, in many tables, and accounts, are placed, sometimes full points, sometimes hyphens, metal rules, or dotted quadrats; all these, without distinction, are termed <i>Leaders</i>. Full points with a sufficient space between them, or dotted quadrats, are now generally used, being looked upon as neater than hyphens or metal rules.


LEADERS

Dots or hyphens placed at intervals of one or more ems in length, to guide the eye across the line to the folio in tables of contents, &c.


LEADS

These articles are called leads by printers, and space lines by type founders. See Space Lines.

Lean. See Beat Lean.—M.


LEADS

Thin strips of metal cast of various thicknesses, quadrate-high, to separate lines of type.


Lean

Close and solid matter.


LEAN FACE

A letter whose stems and other strokes have not their full width.—M. As now understood, a letter of slender proportions compared to its height.—See Types.


Leather called morocco

sometimes with a qualifying adjective, is now made in Europe and America. Much of this is very good, even when made, as it often is, from other skins than those of goats. Even the experts seem often unable to distinguish the good from the best. None of it is to be condemned or approved because it is or is not made in the Levant, or from goatskins.


leatherette

Cloth or paper made to look like leather. There are many kinds used in binding, some of which look very well and wear about as long as poorer kinds of cloth.


LECTURES

5 & 6 W. 4. c. 65. “An act for preventing the Publication of Lectures without Consent.

s. 1. “Whereas Printers, Publishers, and other Persons have frequently taken the Liberty of printing and publishing Lectures delivered upon divers Subjects, without the Consent of the Authors of such Lectures, or the Persons delivering the same in public, to the great Detriment of such Authors and Lecturers: Be it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That from and after the First Day of September One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five the Author of any Lecture or Lectures, or the Person to whom he hath sold or otherwise conveyed the Copy thereof, in order to deliver the same in any School, Seminary, Institution, or other Place, or for any other purpose, shall have the sole Right and Liberty of printing and publishing such Lecture or Lectures; and that if any Person shall, by taking down the same in Short Hand or otherwise in Writing, or in any other Way obtain or make a Copy of such Lecture or Lectures, and shall print or lithograph or otherwise copy and publish the same, or cause the same to be printed, lithographed, or otherwise copied and published, without Leave of the Author thereof, or of the Persons to whom the Author thereof hath sold or otherwise conveyed the same, and every Person who, knowing the same to have been printed or copied and published without such Consent, shall sell, publish, or expose to sale, or cause to be sold, published, or exposed to sale, any such Lecture or Lectures, shall forfeit such printed or otherwise copied Lecture or Lectures, or Parts thereof, together with One Penny for every Sheet thereof which shall be found in his Custody, either printed, lithographed, or copied, or printing, lithographing, or copying, published or exposed to sale, contrary to the true Intent and Meaning of this Act, the one Moiety thereof to His Majesty, His Heirs or Successors, and the other Moiety thereof to any Person who shall sue for the same, to be recovered in any of His Majesty’s Courts of Record in Westminster, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, or Information, in which no Wager of Law, Essoign, Privilege, or Protection, or more than One Imparlance, shall be allowed.

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That any Printer or Publisher of any Newspaper who shall, without such Leave as aforesaid, print and publish in such Newspaper any Lecture or Lectures, shall be deemed and taken to be a Person printing and publishing without Leave within the Provisions of this Act, and liable to the aforesaid Forfeitures and Penalties in respect of such printing and publishing.

s. 3. “And be it further enacted, That no Person allowed for certain Fee or Reward, or otherwise, to attend and be present at any Lecture delivered in any Place, shall be deemed and taken to be licensed or to have Leave to print, copy, and publish such Lectures, only because of having Leave to attend such Lecture or Lectures.

s. 4. “Provided always, That nothing in this Act shall extend to prohibit any Person from printing, copying, and publishing any Lecture or Lectures which have or shall have been printed and published with Leave of the Authors thereof or their Assignees, and whereof the Time hath or shall have expired within which the sole Right to print and publish the same is given by an Act passed in the Eighth Year of the Reign of Queen Anne [c. 19.], intituled An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies during the Times therein mentioned, and by another Act passed in the Fifty-fourth Year of the Reign of King George the Third [c. 156.], intituled An Act to amend the several Acts for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies and Copyright of printed Books to the Authors of such Books, or their Assigns, or to any Lectures which have been printed or published before the passing of this Act.

s. 5. “Provided further, That nothing in this Act shall extend to any Lecture or Lectures, or the printing, copying, or publishing any Lecture or Lectures, or Parts thereof, of the delivering of which Notice in Writing shall not have been given to Two Justices living within Five Miles from the Place where such Lecture or Lectures shall be delivered Two Days at the least before delivering the same, or to any Lecture or Lectures delivered in any University or public School or College, or on any public Foundation, or by any Individual in virtue of or according to any Gift, Endowment, or Foundation; and that the Law relating thereto shall remain the same as if this Act had not been passed.”


LETTER BOARD

In Moxon’s time both the letter board and the paper board were made alike, similar to the present paper board; and he strongly recommended to have the board made of one piece, without a joint: they are now different from each other. The letter board is made of two deals, about an inch thick, and the smallest size allows a demy chase to lie upon it without hanging over the edges; the deals are joined together on the under side by two dovetailed tapering tongues inserted into dovetailed tapering grooves, the contrary way to each other; and these tongues project below the bottom, so as to serve as feet for the board, to a depth rather more than equal to the height of letter, and allow the board to be placed upon a bulk, or upon another letter board, upon which pages or small jobs are placed, without the bottom of the board touching the face of the type. If the boards shrink, or the joint opens, the aperture can be immediately closed up again, by striking the edges with a mallet, and driving the tongues up tight.

The usual sizes of letter boards in a printing office are Demy and Royal; but when works on larger paper are printed, it is necessary to have boards of a corresponding size. The Demy boards are 26 inches by 22; the Royal 30 inches by 26.


LETTER BRUSH

A brush used in composing rooms, something like a polishing brush for shoes, but not quite so large; with which to brush dust off forms before they are taken to the proof press to have a proof pulled, and before they are taken into the press room to be worked. Every press ought also to have one, that if any dust, or particles of dirt, get upon the face of the letter, they may be brushed off.


LETTER FOUNDERS

By the Act of the 39th of George 3. cap. 79. s. 25. it is enacted, “That from and after the Expiration of Forty Days after the passing of this Act, every Person carrying on the Business of a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses, shall cause Notice of his or her Intention to carry on such Business to be delivered to the Clerk of the Peace of the County, Stewartry, Riding, Division, City, Borough, Town, or Place, where such Person shall propose to carry on such Business, or his Deputy, in the Form prescribed in the Schedule to this Act annexed; and such Clerk of the Peace, or his Deputy, shall, and he is hereby authorized and required thereupon to grant a Certificate in the Form also prescribed in the said Schedule, for which such Clerk of the Peace, or his Deputy, shall receive a Fee of One Shilling, and no more, and shall file such Notice, and transmit an attested Copy thereof to one of his Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State; and every Person who shall, after the Expiration of the said Forty Days, carry on such Business, or make or sell any Type for Printing, or Printing Press, without having given such Notice, and obtained such Certificate, shall forfeit and lose the Sum of Twenty Pounds.”

s. 26. “And be it further enacted, That every Person who shall sell Types for Printing, or Printing Presses, as aforesaid, shall keep a fair Account in Writing of all Persons to whom any such Types or Presses shall be sold, and shall produce such Accounts to any Justice of the Peace who shall require the same; and if such Person shall neglect to keep such Account, or shall refuse to produce the same to any such Justice, on Demand in Writing to inspect the same, such Person shall forfeit and lose, for such Offence, the Sum of Twenty Pounds.” See Certificate.

Forms.

“VI. FORM of Notice to the Clerk of the Peace, that any Person carries on the Business of a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses.

To the Clerk of the Peace for [as the Case may be], or his Deputy.

I A. B. of ______ do hereby declare, That I intend to carry on the Business of a Letter Founder or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses [as the Case may be], at ______ and I hereby require this Notice to be entered in pursuance of an Act, passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Reign of his Majesty King George the Third, [set forth the Title of the Act].

Signed in the Presence }       of _________________ }

“VII. FORM of Certificate that the above Notice has been given.

I G. H. Clerk [or Deputy Clerk] of the Peace for [as the Case may be], do hereby certify, That A. B. of ______ hath delivered to me a Notice in Writing, appearing to be signed by him, and attested by E. F. as a Witness to his signing the same, that he intends to carry on the Business of a Letter Founder, or Maker or Seller of Types for Printing, or of Printing Presses, at ______ and which Notice he has required to be entered in pursuance of an Act of the Thirty-ninth Year of his Majesty King George the Third, [set forth the Title of the Act].

Witness my Hand, this ______ Day of ______.”


LETTER HANGS

If the compositor has been careless in emptying his composing stick, so as to set the letter loosely down in the galley, and they stand not perfectly square and upright, the Letter Hangs: or if after overrunning on the correcting stone he has not set his letter in a square position again, before he locks up (for we may suppose when the pages are opened the letter stands loose, and more or less out of square), so then, the matter standing thus out of square, is said to Hang.—M.


LETTER HANGS

When the page is out of square.


Letter-press printing

Printing from types.


LETTERING BLOCK

A piece of wood, the upper surface being rounded, upon which side-labels are lettered.


LETTERING BLOCK

A piece of wood, the upper surface being slightly rounded, upon which side labels are lettered.


LETTERING BLOCK

A piece of wood of about the size and shape of a large book. Leather labels which are to be lettered in gold are laid on the rounded edge of this block that the pallet may be pressed on them more readily.


LETTERING BOX

The box in which the type are screwed up preparatory to lettering.


LETTERING BOX

A wooden box in which hand-letters are kept (*see* HAND-LETTERS).


LETTERING BOX

The iron box in which type are screwed up preparatory to lettering. To the box is attached a handle, the whole forming a pallet.


Levant Morocco

The skin of the monarch breed of goat; a large grained Morocco.


Levant Morocco

Originally made in the Levant from the skins of Angora goats. A superior quality of morocco, having a large and prominent grain. French levant morocco has long held its place as the best of all leathers for bookbinding.


LIBELS,

blasphemous and seditious. Act 60 Geo. 3. cap. 8.—For the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of Blasphemous and Seditious Libels.    Commences by declaring that it is expedient to make more effectual provision for the punishment of blasphemous and seditious libels; and then proceeds to enact, “That from and after the passing of the Act, in every Case in which any Verdict or Judgment by default shall be had against any Person for composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous Libel, or any seditious Libel, tending to bring into hatred or contempt the Person of His Majesty, his Heirs or Successors, or the Regent, or the Government and Constitution of the United Kingdom as by Law established, or either House of Parliament, or to excite His Majesty’s Subjects to attempt the Alteration of any Matter in Church or State as by Law established, otherwise than by lawful Means, it shall be lawful for the Judge, or the Court before whom or in which such Verdict shall have been given, or the Court in which such Judgment by default shall be had, to make an Order for the Seizure and carrying away and detaining in safe Custody, in such Manner as shall be directed in such Order, all Copies of the Libel which shall be in the Possession of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or in the Possession of any other Person named in the Order for his Use; Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such Case it shall be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, or for any Constable or other Peace-officer acting under any such Order, or for any Person or Persons acting with or in aid of any such Justice of the Peace, Constable, or other Peace-officer, to search for any Copies of such Libel in any House, Building, or other Place whatsoever belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or to any other Person so named, in whose Possession any Copies of any such Libel, belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, shall be; and in case Admission shall be refused or not obtained within a reasonable Time after it shall have been first demanded, to enter by force by Day into any such House, Building, or Place whatsoever, and to carry away all Copies of the Libel there found, and to detain the same in safe Custody until the same shall be restored under the Provisions of this Act, or disposed of according to any further Order made in relation thereto.  s. 2. “That if in any such Case as aforesaid Judgment shall be arrested, or if, after Judgment shall have been entered, the same shall be reversed upon any Writ of Error, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid, free of all Charge and Expence, and without the Payment of any Fees whatever; and in every Case in which final Judgment shall be entered upon the Verdict so found against the Person or Persons charged with having composed, printed, or published such Libel, then all Copies so seized shall be disposed of as the Court in which such Judgment shall be given shall order and direct.  s. 3. “Provided that in Scotland, in every Case in which any Person or Persons shall be found Guilty before the Court of Justiciary, of composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, or where Sentence of Fugitation shall have been pronounced against any Person or Persons, in consequence of their failing to appear to answer to any Indictment charging them with having composed, printed, or published any such Libel, then and in either of such Cases, it shall and may be lawful for the said Court to make an Order for the Seizure, carrying away, and detaining in safe Custody, all Copies of the Libel in the Possession of any such Person or Persons, or in the Possession of any other Person or Persons named in such Order, for his or their Use, Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and every such Order so made shall and may be carried into effect, in such and the same Manner as any Order made by the Court of Justiciary, or any Circuit Court of Justiciary, may be carried into effect according to the Law and Practice of Scotland: Provided always, that in the Event of any Person or Persons being reponed against any such Sentence of Fugitation, and being thereafter acquitted, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid; and in all other Cases, the Copies so seized shall be disposed of in such Manner as the said Court may direct.  s. 4. “That if any Person shall be legally convicted of having, after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel, or any such seditious Libel as aforesaid, and shall, after being so convicted, offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s-bench, such Person may, on such second Conviction, be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as may now by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanors, or to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions, for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction shall take place shall order.  s. 5. “That in case any Person so sentenced and ordered to be banished as aforesaid, shall not depart from this United Kingdom within Thirty Days after the pronouncing of such Sentence and Order as aforesaid, for the Purpose of going into such Banishment as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty to convey such Person to such Parts out of the Dominions of His said Majesty, as His Majesty by and with the Advice of his Privy Council shall direct.  s. 6. “That if any Offender, who shall be so ordered by any such Court as aforesaid to be banished in manner aforesaid shall, after the End of Forty Days from the Time such Sentence and Order hath been pronounced, be at large within any Part of the United Kingdom, or any other Part of His Majesty’s Dominions, without some lawful Cause, before the Expiration of the Term for which such Offender shall have been so ordered to be banished as aforesaid, every such Offender being so at large as aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be transported to such Place as shall be appointed by His Majesty for any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years; and such Offender may be tried, either before any Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, for the County, City, Liberty, Borough, or Place where such Offender shall be apprehended and taken, or where he or she was sentenced to Banishment; and the Clerk of Assize, Clerk of the Peace, or other Clerk or Officer of the Court having the Custody of the Records where such Order of Banishment shall have been made, shall, when thereunto required on His Majesty’s Behalf, make out and give a Certificate in Writing, signed by him, containing the Effect and Substance only (omitting the formal Part) of every Indictment and Conviction of such Offender, and of the Order for his or her Banishment, to the Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, where such Offender shall be indicted, for which Certificate Six Shillings and Eight Pence, and no more, shall be paid, and which Certificate shall be sufficient Proof of the Conviction and Order for Banishment of any such Offender.”  The remaining clauses relate to the mode of proceeding in case of former conviction, limitation of actions, &c.  11 G. 4. & 1 W. 4. c. 73. “An act to repeal so much of an Act of the Sixtieth Year of His late Majesty King George the Third, for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; and to provide some further Remedy against the Abuse of publishing Libels.  “Whereas by an Act passed in the Sixtieth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Third, intituled An Act for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, it was amongst other things enacted, that if any Person should, after the passing of that Act, be legally convicted of having composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel or any such seditious Libel as in the said Act is before mentioned, and should after being so convicted offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer, or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s Bench, such Person might on such second Conviction be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as might by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanour, or to be banished from the United Kingdom and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction should take place should order: And whereas it is expedient to repeal so much of the said Act as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; Be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much and such Parts of the said Act as relate to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence be and the same is hereby wholly repealed.”   It hath been ruled that the finding a libel on a bookseller’s shelf is a publication of it by the bookseller; and that it is no excuse to say that the servant took it into the shop without the master’s knowledge; for the law presumes the master to be acquainted with what the servant does. Rex v. Dodd, 1 Sess. Cas. 33.—Burn’s Justice of the Peace, vol. 3, p. 292, Art. Libel. See Publications, Periodical.   Licence. See Printing.   LIFT

blasphemous and seditious. Act 60 Geo. 3. cap. 8.—For the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of Blasphemous and Seditious Libels.

Commences by declaring that it is expedient to make more effectual provision for the punishment of blasphemous and seditious libels; and then proceeds to enact, “That from and after the passing of the Act, in every Case in which any Verdict or Judgment by default shall be had against any Person for composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous Libel, or any seditious Libel, tending to bring into hatred or contempt the Person of His Majesty, his Heirs or Successors, or the Regent, or the Government and Constitution of the United Kingdom as by Law established, or either House of Parliament, or to excite His Majesty’s Subjects to attempt the Alteration of any Matter in Church or State as by Law established, otherwise than by lawful Means, it shall be lawful for the Judge, or the Court before whom or in which such Verdict shall have been given, or the Court in which such Judgment by default shall be had, to make an Order for the Seizure and carrying away and detaining in safe Custody, in such Manner as shall be directed in such Order, all Copies of the Libel which shall be in the Possession of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or in the Possession of any other Person named in the Order for his Use; Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such Case it shall be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, or for any Constable or other Peace-officer acting under any such Order, or for any Person or Persons acting with or in aid of any such Justice of the Peace, Constable, or other Peace-officer, to search for any Copies of such Libel in any House, Building, or other Place whatsoever belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or to any other Person so named, in whose Possession any Copies of any such Libel, belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, shall be; and in case Admission shall be refused or not obtained within a reasonable Time after it shall have been first demanded, to enter by force by Day into any such House, Building, or Place whatsoever, and to carry away all Copies of the Libel there found, and to detain the same in safe Custody until the same shall be restored under the Provisions of this Act, or disposed of according to any further Order made in relation thereto.

s. 2. “That if in any such Case as aforesaid Judgment shall be arrested, or if, after Judgment shall have been entered, the same shall be reversed upon any Writ of Error, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid, free of all Charge and Expence, and without the Payment of any Fees whatever; and in every Case in which final Judgment shall be entered upon the Verdict so found against the Person or Persons charged with having composed, printed, or published such Libel, then all Copies so seized shall be disposed of as the Court in which such Judgment shall be given shall order and direct.

s. 3. “Provided that in Scotland, in every Case in which any Person or Persons shall be found Guilty before the Court of Justiciary, of composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, or where Sentence of Fugitation shall have been pronounced against any Person or Persons, in consequence of their failing to appear to answer to any Indictment charging them with having composed, printed, or published any such Libel, then and in either of such Cases, it shall and may be lawful for the said Court to make an Order for the Seizure, carrying away, and detaining in safe Custody, all Copies of the Libel in the Possession of any such Person or Persons, or in the Possession of any other Person or Persons named in such Order, for his or their Use, Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and every such Order so made shall and may be carried into effect, in such and the same Manner as any Order made by the Court of Justiciary, or any Circuit Court of Justiciary, may be carried into effect according to the Law and Practice of Scotland: Provided always, that in the Event of any Person or Persons being reponed against any such Sentence of Fugitation, and being thereafter acquitted, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid; and in all other Cases, the Copies so seized shall be disposed of in such Manner as the said Court may direct.

s. 4. “That if any Person shall be legally convicted of having, after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel, or any such seditious Libel as aforesaid, and shall, after being so convicted, offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s-bench, such Person may, on such second Conviction, be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as may now by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanors, or to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions, for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction shall take place shall order.

s. 5. “That in case any Person so sentenced and ordered to be banished as aforesaid, shall not depart from this United Kingdom within Thirty Days after the pronouncing of such Sentence and Order as aforesaid, for the Purpose of going into such Banishment as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty to convey such Person to such Parts out of the Dominions of His said Majesty, as His Majesty by and with the Advice of his Privy Council shall direct.

s. 6. “That if any Offender, who shall be so ordered by any such Court as aforesaid to be banished in manner aforesaid shall, after the End of Forty Days from the Time such Sentence and Order hath been pronounced, be at large within any Part of the United Kingdom, or any other Part of His Majesty’s Dominions, without some lawful Cause, before the Expiration of the Term for which such Offender shall have been so ordered to be banished as aforesaid, every such Offender being so at large as aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be transported to such Place as shall be appointed by His Majesty for any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years; and such Offender may be tried, either before any Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, for the County, City, Liberty, Borough, or Place where such Offender shall be apprehended and taken, or where he or she was sentenced to Banishment; and the Clerk of Assize, Clerk of the Peace, or other Clerk or Officer of the Court having the Custody of the Records where such Order of Banishment shall have been made, shall, when thereunto required on His Majesty’s Behalf, make out and give a Certificate in Writing, signed by him, containing the Effect and Substance only (omitting the formal Part) of every Indictment and Conviction of such Offender, and of the Order for his or her Banishment, to the Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, where such Offender shall be indicted, for which Certificate Six Shillings and Eight Pence, and no more, shall be paid, and which Certificate shall be sufficient Proof of the Conviction and Order for Banishment of any such Offender.”

The remaining clauses relate to the mode of proceeding in case of former conviction, limitation of actions, &c.

11 G. 4. & 1 W. 4. c. 73. “An act to repeal so much of an Act of the Sixtieth Year of His late Majesty King George the Third, for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; and to provide some further Remedy against the Abuse of publishing Libels.

“Whereas by an Act passed in the Sixtieth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Third, intituled An Act for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels, it was amongst other things enacted, that if any Person should, after the passing of that Act, be legally convicted of having composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel or any such seditious Libel as in the said Act is before mentioned, and should after being so convicted offend a second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer, or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s Bench, such Person might on such second Conviction be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as might by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanour, or to be banished from the United Kingdom and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction should take place should order: And whereas it is expedient to repeal so much of the said Act as relates to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence; Be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much and such Parts of the said Act as relate to the Sentence of Banishment for the Second Offence be and the same is hereby wholly repealed.”

It hath been ruled that the finding a libel on a bookseller’s shelf is a publication of it by the bookseller; and that it is no excuse to say that the servant took it into the shop without the master’s knowledge; for the law presumes the master to be acquainted with what the servant does. Rex v. Dodd, 1 Sess. Cas. 33.—Burn’s Justice of the Peace, vol. 3, p. 292, Art. Libel. See Publications, Periodical.

Licence. See Printing.


LIFT

When a work is nearly completed, and perfect copies are required before the whole number can be worked off at press, it is customary when all the matter has been composed, and there is not convenience to lay every form on at a different press, to print short numbers of each, in order to make perfect books as soon as possible; thus, if there be 3000 copies of a work printing, 250 of each of the few last sheets may be worked, and when the pressmen have printed this number of one form and taken it off the press for the purpose of laying on another form, it is said they lift, or, they have lifted. This frequently takes place in periodical works, such as magazines, reviews, &c.; and also occasionally when a superior proof is wanted, or two or three copies of any thing particular are required, that will not admit of waiting till a press is off with its regular number: in these latter instances, the pressmen endeavour to pull them without the tympans, with a few sheets of proof paper over the form, that they may not disturb their overlays and making ready; and they mark the quoins which secured their form on the press, that they may replace it exactly in its situation with as little waste of time and paper as possible.

In the warehouse, each separate portion of printed paper, whether it consists of five or six sheets or more, that is placed upon the poles to dry, is termed a lift.


LIGATURES

Two or more letters joined together, and cast on the same shank, are in a printing office called Ligatures.

The ligatures now used are few in number, having been reduced to æ, ﬀ, ﬃ, ﬄ, ﬁ, ﬂ, and œ; within the last thirty years we had, in addition, ct, as also ſb, ſh, ſi, ſk, ſl, ſſ, and ſt, which are now discarded, in consequence of our confining ourselves entirely to the s. In the leaf of an old book, De vita & gestis Scanderbegi, now lying before me, there are the following additional ones,—as, at, cta, et, es, ius, is, ij, iu, ll, ns, st, ſs, ſp, ta, and us.

I do not think it was an improvement to change the shape of the &, which, till the alteration, was really a ligature, being e and t joined together; the modern character has no meaning in it, neither the Roman & nor the Italic &.

Earl Stanhope proposed to abolish the present ligatures, by making the f more upright without being kerned, so as to admit an i, an l, or another f after it, and to introduce other ligatures, or, as he termed them, ‘logotypes,’ that more frequently occur, viz. th, in, an, re, se, to, of, and on.

Smith, in his Printer’s Grammar, says that Mr. Caslon introduced the ſb and the ſk.—See Bill, Logotype.

Light Work. See Easy Work.—M. Also Good Work.

Lines. See Companionship.


LIGATURES

Two or more letters cast on the same shank, as ﬀ, ﬁ, ﬂ, ﬃ, ﬄ, æ, œ.


Limp

A cover without boards or other stiff materials, allowing the sides to be pliable.


limp binding

Binding with a thin and yielding cover. A perfectly limp leather book can be rolled up easily.


Line formers

Brass rule bent in various shapes to aid in making curved lines of type.


Linen-finish buckram

Polished buckram and satin-finish book cloth. Manufactured by Jos. Bancroft & Sons Co., Rockford, near Wilmington, Del. (New York agent, Albert D. Smith, 35–37 Thomas St., New York.) The special features of these cloths, in which it is claimed they are superior, are uniformity of color, finish and fabric, wearing qualities, tensile strength, and easy application of decoration, ink or metal.


lining paper

The coloured or marbled paper at each end of the volume.


lining paper

The coloured or marbled paper at each end of the volume. Called also end-papers.


lining paper

The colored or marbled paper at each end of a book. Called also End papers, which see.


LITERAL ERRORS

By literal errors in printing, are understood the mistakes of the compositors in single letters only, viz. the taking up a wrong letter, or inverting a right letter; the term is never applied to either outs or doubles.